Analysis of the Effects of Epidural Anesthesia on the Nociception Level Index (NOL®) during Abdominal Surgery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Considerations
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Study Design
2.4. Data Splitting
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Included Measurements
3.2. Comparative Analysis
3.3. Dose Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population | |
---|---|
Age | 63.6 ± 13.1 |
Gender | 28 male |
12 female | |
Status | 20 ASA II |
20 ASA III | |
Procedures | |
Esophagectomy | 14 |
Pancreatectomy | 11 |
Nephrectomy | 4 |
Colectectomy | 4 |
Sarcoma resection | 2 |
Herniotomy | 2 |
Liver resections | 1 |
Gastrectomy | 1 |
Cystectomy | 1 |
Parameter | 0 min | 1 min | 3 min | 5 min | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bupivacaine Total n = 119 | NOL | 19 ± 14 | 14 ± 11 | 13 ± 11 * | 10 ± 10 * |
MAP | 86 ± 14 | 85 ± 14 | 85 ± 12 | 83 ± 13 | |
HR | 68 ± 14 | 68 ± 14 | 68 ± 13 | 68 ± 13 | |
BIS | 42 ± 10 | 42 ± 10 | 42 ± 10 | 42 ± 10 | |
Bupivacaine Total ≥ 10 n = 89 | NOL | 25 ± 13 | 16 ± 12 * | 15 ± 10 * | 11 ± 9 * |
MAP | 86 ± 13 | 85 ± 14 | 84 ± 11 | 82 ± 12 | |
HR | 68 ± 11 | 67 ± 11 | 68 ± 11 | 68 ± 10 | |
BIS | 43 ± 10 | 42 ± 10 | 43 ± 9 | 42 ± 9 | |
Bupivacaine Total ≥ 25 n = 35 | NOL | 38 ± 11 | 22 ± 13 * | 17 ± 11 * | 12 ± 10 * |
MAP | 87 ± 12 | 86 ± 13 | 85 ± 13 | 84 ± 13 | |
HR | 69 ± 12 | 68 ± 12 | 67 ± 11 | 68 ± 11 | |
BIS | 41 ± 9 | 41 ± 9 | 40 ± 8 | 40 ± 7 | |
Bupivacaine < 25 mg n = 73 | NOL | 20 ± 14 | 14 ± 11 | 13 ± 10 * | 12 ± 10 * |
MAP | 85 ± 14 | 84 ± 14 | 84 ± 12 | 82 ± 12 | |
HR | 67 ± 11 | 67 ± 11 | 67 ± 11 | 67 ± 11 | |
BIS | 43 ± 10 | 43 ± 11 | 43 ± 10 | 42 ± 10 | |
Bupivacaine < 25 mg NOL ≥ 10 n = 55 | NOL | 26 ± 13 | 17 ± 12 * | 15 ± 10 * | 12 ± 9 * |
MAP | 87 ± 13 | 86 ± 13 | 84 ± 11 | 82 ± 11 | |
HR | 68 ± 11 | 68 ± 11 | 68 ± 11 | 68 ± 10 | |
BIS | 43 ± 10 | 42 ± 10 | 43 ± 9 | 42 ± 9 | |
Bupivacaine < 25 mg NOL ≥ 25 n = 22 | NOL | 38 ± 11 | 23 ± 12 * | 19 ± 11 * | 15 ± 10 * |
MAP | 83 ± 10 | 82 ± 11 | 77 ± 21 | 80 ± 13 | |
HR | 67 ± 10 | 66 ± 11 | 65 ± 10 | 66 ± 10 | |
BIS | 42 ± 10 | 42 ± 11 | 41 ± 9 | 41 ± 8 | |
Bupivacaine = 25 mg n = 46 | NOL | 19 ± 14 | 14 ± 11 | 12 ± 12 * | 9 ± 9 * |
MAP | 87 ± 15 | 86 ± 15 | 86 ± 13 | 85 ± 14 | |
HR | 71 ± 17 | 70 ± 17 | 70 ± 16 | 70 ± 16 | |
BIS | 40 ± 10 | 41 ± 9 | 40 ± 10 | 41 ± 10 | |
Bupivacaine = 25 mg NOL ≥ 10 n = 34 | NOL | 24 ± 12 | 16 ± 12 * | 12 ± 13* | 9 ± 10 * |
MAP | 89 ± 14 | 88 ± 14 | 88 ± 12 | 87 ± 14 | |
HR | 71 ± 17 | 70 ± 16 | 70 ± 15 | 71 ± 16 | |
BIS | 40 ± 10 | 40 ± 9 | 39 ± 10 | 40 ± 11 | |
Bupivacaine = 25 mg NOL ≥ 25 n = 13 | NOL | 38 ± 10 | 22 ± 13 | 13 ± 10 * | 8 ± 8 * |
MAP | 94 ± 12 | 94 ± 13 | 92 ± 11 | 90 ± 11 | |
HR | 73 ± 14 | 71 ± 13 | 71 ± 13 | 70 ± 12 | |
BIS | 38 ± 5 | 40 ± 4 | 38 ± 6 | 39 ± 4 |
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Ziebart, A.; Rothgerber, D.-J.; Woldt, S.; Mackert, K.; Heiden, J.; Schuster, M.; Kamuf, J.; Griemert, E.-V.; Ruemmler, R. Analysis of the Effects of Epidural Anesthesia on the Nociception Level Index (NOL®) during Abdominal Surgery. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 4968. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164968
Ziebart A, Rothgerber D-J, Woldt S, Mackert K, Heiden J, Schuster M, Kamuf J, Griemert E-V, Ruemmler R. Analysis of the Effects of Epidural Anesthesia on the Nociception Level Index (NOL®) during Abdominal Surgery. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(16):4968. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164968
Chicago/Turabian StyleZiebart, Alexander, David-Jonas Rothgerber, Sophia Woldt, Katharina Mackert, Julia Heiden, Michael Schuster, Jens Kamuf, Eva-Verena Griemert, and Robert Ruemmler. 2024. "Analysis of the Effects of Epidural Anesthesia on the Nociception Level Index (NOL®) during Abdominal Surgery" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4968. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164968