Evaluation of Pharmacy Intern Interventions on Antimicrobial Use in University-Affiliated Hospitals: A Retrospective Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Intervention Variables | n (%) |
---|---|
Hospitals | |
Specialized hospital A (two patient populations) | 333 (25.7%) |
Specialized hospital B (one patient population) | 2 (0.2%) |
General hospital C | 6 (0.5%) |
General hospital D | 855 (66.0%) |
General hospital E | 99 (7.6%) |
Hospital units | |
Infectious diseases | 604 (46.6%) |
Pediatric intensive care unit | 333 (25.7%) |
Adult intensive care unit | 247 (19.1%) |
Internal medicine | 96 (7.4%) |
Cardiac care unit | 12 (0.9%) |
Psychiatry | 2 (0.2%) |
Ambulatory clinic | 1 (0.1%) |
Type of interventions | |
Dose/frequency adjustment | 470 (36.3%) |
Discontinuation | 296 (22.9%) |
Therapeutic consult | 159 (12.3%) |
Addition of antimicrobial | 134 (10.3%) |
Therapeutic drug monitoring | 73 (5.6%) |
Selection of medication | 71 (5.5%) |
Drug information | 52 (4.0%) |
Monitoring lab parameter | 29 (2.2%) |
De-escalation | 7 (0.5%) |
Switching from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) | 4 (0.3%) |
Clinical significance | |
Increasing the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy | 483 (37.3%) |
Reducing adverse effects/toxicities related to antimicrobial therapy | 347 (26.8%) |
Avoiding unnecessary exposure to antimicrobial therapy | 282 (21.8%) |
Unknown significance | 183 (14.1%) |
Physician response to intervention | |
Accepted | 1186 (91.6%) |
Accepted with modification | 52 (4.0%) |
Rejected | 57 (4.4%) |
Drug Classes n (%) | |
---|---|
Antibacterial agents | 1130 (87.3) |
Antifungal agents | 77 (5.9) |
Antiviral agents | 63 (4.9) |
Multiple classes | 20 (1.5) |
Antimalarial agents | 4 (0.3) |
Anthelmintics | 1 (0.1) |
Intervention Type | ID | Adult ICU | Internal Medicine | PICU |
---|---|---|---|---|
Select/add medication | 19.0% (0.0051) | 14.2% (0.36812) | 8.3% (0.0357) | 14.1% (0.2713) |
Discontinue/de-escalate medication | 22.4% (0.3173) | 35.6% (0.0000) | 12.5% (0.0069) | 20.1% (0.0891) |
Drug information | 15.7% (0.6171) | 9.3% (0.0009) | 44.8% (0.0000) | 14.1% (0.2301) |
Dose modification and monitoring | 42.9% (0.3681) | 40.9% (0.2713) | 34.4% (0.0455) | 51.7% (0.0014) |
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Almeleebia, T.M.; Orayj, K.M.; Alghamdi, W.A.; Almanasef, M.A.; Hany, O.; Ibrahim, A.R.N. Evaluation of Pharmacy Intern Interventions on Antimicrobial Use in University-Affiliated Hospitals: A Retrospective Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5060. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175060
Almeleebia TM, Orayj KM, Alghamdi WA, Almanasef MA, Hany O, Ibrahim ARN. Evaluation of Pharmacy Intern Interventions on Antimicrobial Use in University-Affiliated Hospitals: A Retrospective Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(17):5060. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175060
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmeleebia, Tahani M., Khalid M. Orayj, Wael A. Alghamdi, Mona A. Almanasef, Omar Hany, and Ahmed R. N. Ibrahim. 2024. "Evaluation of Pharmacy Intern Interventions on Antimicrobial Use in University-Affiliated Hospitals: A Retrospective Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 17: 5060. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13175060