Impact of Child Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Confirmed Infections on Caregivers in Japan: A Web-Based Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Research Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Handling and Statistical Analyses
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Selection of Participating Caregivers
3.2. Characteristics of Surveyed Infants with RSV and Their Caregivers
3.3. Psychological Burden of RSV Infection in Infants on the Caregivers
3.4. Impact of Infant with RSV Infection on Caregivers’ Daily Lives
3.5. Impact of Infant with RSV Infection on Caregivers’ Economic and Working Environment
3.6. Caregivers’ Preferences for RSV Prophylaxis (Route of Administration)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. of Responders (%) | All | ||
---|---|---|---|
n = 606 | |||
Infants with RSV | Sex | Male | 380 (62.7%) |
Female | 226 (37.3%) | ||
Infant age at infection (months) | ≥0 to <6 months | 303 (50.0%) | |
≥0 to <3 months | 200 (33.0%) | ||
≥3 to <6 months | 103 (17.0%) | ||
≥6 to <12 months | 303 (50.0%) | ||
Birth weight | <2500 g | 64 (10.6%) | |
≥2500 g | 542 (89.4%) | ||
Gestational age at infant’s birth | <37 weeks | 107 (17.7%) | |
≥37 weeks | 499 (82.3%) | ||
Use of childcare facilities for RSV-infected infant | Yes | 257 (42.4%) | |
No | 349 (57.6%) | ||
Caregiver | Age | Mean (SD) | 34.2 (5.6) |
Median (Q1, Q3) | 34.0 (30.0, 37.0) | ||
Min, max | 20,57 | ||
20–24 years | 12 (2.0%) | ||
25–29 years | 111 (18.3%) | ||
30–34 years | 208 (34.3%) | ||
35–39 years | 174 (28.7%) | ||
40–44 years | 69 (11.4%) | ||
45–49 years | 24 (4.0%) | ||
50–54 years | 6 (1.0%) | ||
55–59 years | 2 (0.3%) | ||
≥60 years | 0 (0%) | ||
Sex | Male | 128 (21.1%) | |
Female | 478 (78.9%) | ||
Annual household income (JPY) | <2,000,000 | 9 (1.5%) | |
2,000,000–4,000,000 | 77 (12.7%) | ||
4,000,000–6,000,000 | 105 (17.3%) | ||
6,000,000–8,000,000 | 92 (15.2%) | ||
8,000,000–10,000,000 | 47 (7.8%) | ||
10,000,000–12,000,000 | 30 (5.0%) | ||
12,000,000–15,000,000 | 75 (12.4%) | ||
15,000,000–20,000,000 | 7 (1.2%) | ||
≥20,000,000 | 8 (1.3%) | ||
Unknown | 48 (7.9%) | ||
Not stated | 108 (17.8%) | ||
Marital status at the time of RSV infection | Married | 578 (95.4%) | |
Separated or bereaved | 19 (3.1%) | ||
Unmarried | 9 (1.5%) | ||
Involvement of caregiver in the care of infant | Primary caregiver (mainly cared for the infant) | 545 (89.9%) | |
Someone else did the primary nursing care. | 61 (10.1%) | ||
Not involved in nursing at all. | 0 (0%) | ||
Employment status of caregiver | Full-time work (work in the office at least 3 days a week) | 230 (38.0%) | |
Full-time work (work from home at least 3 days a week) | 21 (3.5%) | ||
Short time/part time | 68 (11.2%) | ||
During maternity or childcare leave | 174 (28.7%) | ||
Other | 2 (0.3%) | ||
Unemployed | 111 (18.3%) | ||
Characteristics of RSV-infected infant | Use of palivizumab prophylaxis against RSV infection | Never administered | 427 (70.5%) |
Palivizumab previously administered, discon-tinued prior to the RSV infection onset | 56 (9.2%) | ||
Receiving palivizumab prophylaxis at the on-set of RSV infection | 34 (5.6%) | ||
Don’t know/don’t remember | 89 (14.7%) | ||
Risk factor for severe disease *** | Diagnosed with infant congenital heart disease | 12 (2.0%) | |
Diagnosed with Down syndrome | 2 (0.3%) | ||
Diagnosed with immunodeficiency (severe combined immunodeficiency, leukemia, hematopoietic cell/lung transplantation, etc.) | 7 (1.2%) | ||
Diagnosed with bronchial asthma | 38 (6.3%) | ||
Diagnosed with a lung disease such as chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia) or cystic fibrosis | 7 (1.2%) | ||
Infant may be exposed to second-hand smoke (Infant may be in an area where someone is smoking in your home or car) | 57 (9.4%) | ||
Exposed to human immunodeficiency virus (someone close to you, such as your mother, has been infected) | 11 (1.8%) | ||
Childcare consisted mainly of artificial milk (powdered milk, etc.) | 147 (24.3%) | ||
None of the above apply | 394 (65.0%) | ||
Symptom *** | Sneezing | 209 (34.5%) | |
Runny nose | 495 (81.7%) | ||
Fever | 487 (80.4%) | ||
Wheezing (breathing sounds such as whistling and wheezing) | 265 (43.7%) | ||
Cough | 473 (78.1%) | ||
Apnea (including feeling like you are about to stop breathing) | 19 (3.1%) | ||
Dyspnea (breathing seems difficult, shortness of breath, etc.) | 83 (13.7%) | ||
Sleeplessness | 132 (21.8%) | ||
Decrease in suckling amount, decrease in food intake | 165 (27.2%) | ||
Decreased urination volume | 42 (6.9%) | ||
Irritability | 141 (23.3%) | ||
Cramps | 11 (1.8%) | ||
Paleness | 37 (6.1%) | ||
Others | 17 (2.8%) | ||
Don’t know/don’t remember | 5 (0.8%) | ||
Hospitalization | Hospitalized | 219 (36.1%) | |
Not hospitalized | 387 (63.9%) | ||
Duration of hospitalization *** | Within 3 days | 20 (9.1%) | |
4–6 days | 60 (27.4%) | ||
7–9 days | 72 (32.9%) | ||
10–14 days | 45 (20.5%) | ||
15–30 days | 4 (1.8%) | ||
>31 days | 2 (0.9%) | ||
Still under treatment and not fully recovered | 16 (7.3%) | ||
Type of treatment during hospitalization *,*** | Inspiration | 153 (69.9%) | |
Internal medication (e.g., expectorants) | 149 (68.0%) | ||
Oxygen therapy (oxygen mask, oxygen hood, etc., or oxygen administration for less severe cases than ventilation) | 132 (60.3%) | ||
Drip management (intravenous infusion, etc.) | 162 (74.0%) | ||
Antibacterial (antibiotics) | 82 (37.4%) | ||
Steroid | 27 (12.3%) | ||
Ventilatory management (use of ventilators in hospitalization, etc.) | 10 (4.6%) | ||
Intensive care unit management (ICU) | 11 (5.0%) | ||
Other (FA) | 3 (1.4%) | ||
Don’t know/don’t remember | 2 (0.9%) | ||
Ventilatory management or ICU ** | 15 (6.9%) | ||
Complication *** | Upper respiratory tract infection (cold symptoms) | 104 (17.2%) | |
Bronchitis (bronchiolitis) | 219 (36.1%) | ||
Pneumonia | 42 (6.9%) | ||
Otitis media | 46 (7.6%) | ||
Febrile seizure | 22 (3.6%) | ||
Encephalopathy/encephalitis | 4 (0.7%) | ||
Other | 5 (0.8%) | ||
No other diagnosis besides RSV infection | 282 (46.5%) |
Answer | All | Sex of Caregiver | Hospitalization | Duration of Hospitalization or Disease | Infant Age at Infection | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Hospitalized | Not Hospitalized | ≤6 days | ≥7 days | ≥0 to <6 months | ≥6 to <12 months | |||
n = 606 | n = 128 | n = 478 | n = 219 | n = 387 | n = 80 | n = 123 | n = 303 | n = 303 | ||
Didn’t interfere with your life | 255 (42.1%) | 73 (57.0%) | 182 (38.1%) | 69 (31.5%) | 186 (48.1%) | 32 (40.0%) | 24 (19.5%) | 133 (43.9%) | 122 (40.3%) | |
You didn’t worry too much about your child and it didn’t interfere with your life. | 39 (6.4%) | 22 (17.2%) | 17 (3.6%) | 15 (6.8%) | 24 (6.2%) | 5 (6.3%) | 4 (3.3%) | 22 (7.3%) | 17 (5.6%) | |
You were worried about your child, but it didn’t interfere with your life. | 216 (35.6%) | 51 (39.8%) | 165 (34.5%) | 54 (24.7%) | 162 (41.9%) | 27 (33.8%) | 20 (16.3%) | 111 (36.6%) | 105 (34.7%) | |
Interfered with your life | 338 (55.8%) | 47 (36.7%) | 291 (60.9%) | 147 (67.1%) | 191 (49.4%) | 46 (57.5%) | 98 (79.7%) | 164 (54.1%) | 174 (57.4%) | |
Worrying about your child has interfered with your life. | 235 (38.8%) | 28 (21.9%) | 207 (43.3%) | 96 (43.8%) | 139 (35.9%) | 21 (26.3%) | 74 (60.2%) | 106 (35.0%) | 129 (42.6%) | |
You were extremely worried about your child and it interfered with your daily life. | 103 (17.0%) | 19 (14.8%) | 84 (17.6%) | 51 (23.3%) | 52 (13.4%) | 25 (31.3%) | 24 (19.5%) | 58 (19.1%) | 45 (14.9%) | |
I don’t know/I don’t remember. | 13 (2.1%) | 8 (6.3%) | 5 (1.0%) | 3 (1.4%) | 10 (2.6%) | 2 (2.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 6 (2.0%) | 7 (2.3%) |
Infant Age at RSV Infected | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
≥6 to <12 months | (reference) | ||
<6 months | 1.43 | 0.95–2.16 | 0.083 |
| ||
All | ||
n = 606 | ||
They had a financial burden. | 391 (64.5%) | |
Medical expenses | 207 (34.2%) | |
Transportation expenses for treatment | 117 (19.3%) | |
Sick childcare (service to care for and care for sick children) | 42 (6.9%) | |
Sitter fee (excluding children with RSV infection) | 26 (4.3%) | |
Items that cost more than the usual food expenses for the entire household | 171 (28.2%) | |
Hotel expenses for the caregiver or person being cared for | 21 (3.5%) | |
Hospitalization costs (different bed charges, etc.) | 108 (17.8%) | |
Others | 17 (2.8%) | |
There was no financial burden. | 215 (35.5%) | |
| ||
There was financial burden | ||
n = 391 | ||
JPY < 10,000 | 144 (36.8%) | |
JPY 10,000–30,000 | 75 (19.2%) | |
JPY 30,000–50,000 | 33 (8.4%) | |
JPY 50,000–100,000 | 23 (5.9%) | |
JPY 100,000–200,000 | 57 (14.6%) | |
JPY 200,000–300,000 | 30 (7.7%) | |
JPY 300,000–400,000 | 4 (1.0%) | |
JPY 400,000–500,000 | 3 (0.8%) | |
JPY 500,000–1 million | 3 (0.8%) | |
JPY 1 million–2 million | 2 (0.5%) | |
JPY ≥ 2 million | 0 (0%) | |
I don’t know/I don’t remember | 17 (4.4%) | |
| ||
Caregivers | Spouse/partner | |
n = 321 | n = 469 | |
I took paid leave. | 121 (37.7%) | 81 (17.3%) |
I took unpaid leave. | 24 (7.5%) | 6 (1.3%) |
Reduced working hours by leaving work early etc. | 142 (44.2%) | 126 (26.9%) |
I had someone else follow up on my work. | 64 (19.5%) | 50 (10.7%) |
I quit my job | 2 (0.6%) | 3 (0.6%) |
Others | 3 (0.9%) | 5 (1.1%) |
There was no particular impact. | 47 (14.6%) | 250 (53.3%) |
Answer | All | Infant Age at Infection | Symptoms of Infant * | Type of Treatment during Hospitalization | Knowledge about RSV Infection | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–6 Months | 6–12 Months | (A) | I Don’t Know/I Don’t Remember (B) | Other than(A)(B) | Ventilatory Management or ICU | No Ventilatory Management or ICU | I Had Never Heard of It ** | I Had Heard of It, but I Didn’t Know What Kind of Disease It Was. | I Had Heard of it and Had Some Idea of What Kind of Disease It Was. | ||
n = 606 | n = 303 | n = 303 | n = 276 | n = 5 | n = 325 | n = 15 | n = 591 | n = 116 | n = 247 | n = 243 | |
I would like to vaccinate | 466 (76.9%) | 226 (74.6%) | 240 (79.2%) | 220 (79.7%) | 3 (60.0%) | 243 (74.8%) | 14 (93.3%) | 452 (76.5%) | 82 (70.7%) | 201 (81.4%) | 183 (75.3%) |
I would like to vaccinate my child after giving birth. | 230 (38.0%) | 94 (31.0%) | 136 (44.9%) | 88 (31.9%) | 1 (20.0%) | 141 (43.4%) | 4 (26.7%) | 226 (38.2%) | 47 (40.5%) | 121 (49.0%) | 62 (25.5%) |
I would like to have the mother vaccinated during pregnancy *** | 236 (38.9%) | 132 (43.6%) | 104 (34.3%) | 132 (47.8%) | 2 (40.0%) | 102 (31.4%) | 10 (66.7%) | 226 (38.2%) | 35 (30.2%) | 80 (32.4%) | 121 (49.8%) |
I don’t want either | 61 (10.1%) | 38 (12.5%) | 23 (7.6%) | 25 (9.1%) | 1 (20.0%) | 35 (10.8%) | 0 (0%) | 61 (10.3%) | 16 (13.8%) | 17 (6.9%) | 28 (11.5%) |
I don’t know | 79 (13.0%) | 39 (12.9%) | 40 (13.2%) | 31 (11.2%) | 1 (20.0%) | 47 (14.5%) | 1 (6.7%) | 78 (13.2%) | 18 (15.5%) | 29 (11.7%) | 32 (13.2%) |
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Tanaka, M.; Morioka, I.; Funakoshi, Y.; Xu, L.; Kobayashi, Y.; Muramatu, A.; Ito, S. Impact of Child Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Confirmed Infections on Caregivers in Japan: A Web-Based Survey. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 5355. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185355
Tanaka M, Morioka I, Funakoshi Y, Xu L, Kobayashi Y, Muramatu A, Ito S. Impact of Child Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Confirmed Infections on Caregivers in Japan: A Web-Based Survey. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(18):5355. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185355
Chicago/Turabian StyleTanaka, Mamoru, Ichiro Morioka, Yu Funakoshi, Linghua Xu, Yasuhiro Kobayashi, Akari Muramatu, and Shuhei Ito. 2024. "Impact of Child Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Confirmed Infections on Caregivers in Japan: A Web-Based Survey" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 18: 5355. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185355