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Article

Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Response Inhibition Predict Balance in Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

by
Mansour M. Alotaibi
1,2,*,
Robert W. Motl
3,
Despina Stavrinos
4,
Scott W. Snyder
5,
Harshvardhan Singh
6 and
Donald H. Lein, Jr.
6
1
Department of Rehabilitation, College of Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia
2
Center for Health Research, Northern Border University, Arar 73213, Saudi Arabia
3
Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 61820, USA
4
Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
5
Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
6
Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(4), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13040968
Submission received: 9 January 2024 / Revised: 2 February 2024 / Accepted: 5 February 2024 / Published: 8 February 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Hearing and Balance Disorders)
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Abstract

Background: Some evidence indicates that adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have balance impairments. This study examined the associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), response inhibition (RI), and static balance in this population while off and on psychostimulant medication (PS). Methods: Participants (n = 40; 30 females; M age = 29.0; SD = 6.3 years) wore an ActiGraph GT9X–link around their waist to estimate MVPA levels (minutes/day). To assess RI, participants completed the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D–KEFS) subtests Trail-Making Test (TMT) and Color–Word Interference Test (CWIT). To evaluate static balance, participants completed postural sway area (cm2) assessments in four conditions: feet-apart eyes-open (FAEO), feet-apart eyes-closed (FAEC), feet-together eyes-open (FTEO), and feet-together eyes-closed (FTEC). Participants also completed the single-leg standing tests (seconds) with eyes open (SLEO) and with eyes closed (SLEC). Results: When off medication, MVPA significantly predicted SLEC (β = 0.30; p = 0.017). MVPA and TMT significantly predicted FTEO, explaining ~19% of the variance in FTEO; both MVPA and TMT were significant predictors (β = –0.33, p = 0.027 and β = –0.31, p = 0.039, respectively). When on medication, TMT significantly predicted FAEC (β = 0.17; p = 0.047). Conclusions: MVPA and RI may be effective parameters in predicting static balance in adults with ADHD when off medication only.
Keywords: ADHD; physical activity; postural sway; executive function; response inhibition ADHD; physical activity; postural sway; executive function; response inhibition

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MDPI and ACS Style

Alotaibi, M.M.; Motl, R.W.; Stavrinos, D.; Snyder, S.W.; Singh, H.; Lein, D.H., Jr. Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Response Inhibition Predict Balance in Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13040968

AMA Style

Alotaibi MM, Motl RW, Stavrinos D, Snyder SW, Singh H, Lein DH Jr. Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Response Inhibition Predict Balance in Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(4):968. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13040968

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alotaibi, Mansour M., Robert W. Motl, Despina Stavrinos, Scott W. Snyder, Harshvardhan Singh, and Donald H. Lein, Jr. 2024. "Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Response Inhibition Predict Balance in Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 4: 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13040968

APA Style

Alotaibi, M. M., Motl, R. W., Stavrinos, D., Snyder, S. W., Singh, H., & Lein, D. H., Jr. (2024). Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity and Response Inhibition Predict Balance in Adults with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(4), 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13040968

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