Evaluation of Morphology and Biochemical Parameters of Young Adults Using Heated Tobacco Products in Poland: A Case-Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Exclusion and Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Ethics
2.4. Study Variables
2.5. Measured Parameters
- Blood morphological parameters: white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), platelet count (PLT), monocyte number (MONO), hemoglobin concentration (HGB), fibrinogen (FBG), C-reactive protein (CRP), and uric acid (UA).
- Lipid parameters and glucose level: triglycerides, LDL (low-density lipoprotein), HDL (high-density lipoprotein), total cholesterol, apo A1 (apolipoprotein A1), apo B (apolipoprotein B), and glucose level.
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Subjective Health Assessment and Anthropometric Measurements
3.3. Blood Count, Biochemical Biomarkers, and Lipid Profile
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | IQOS Smokers | Non-Smokers | Daily Smokers |
---|---|---|---|
n = 65 (%) | n = 65 (%) | n = 65 (%) | |
Gender | |||
male | 20 (30.8) | 9 (13.8) | 27 (41.5) |
female | 45 (69.2) | 56 (86.2) | 38 (58.5) |
Age | |||
mean ± SD | 21.23 ± 2.02 | 20.95 ± 1.81 | 21.43 ± 2.43 |
min–max | 18–30 | 19–24 | 18–30 |
Marital status | |||
single | 42 (64.6) | 54 (83.1) | 46 (70.8) |
married | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 3 (4.6) |
informal, stable relationship | 22 (33.9) | 10 (15.4) | 16 (24.6) |
Education | |||
general or vocational secondary schools | 24 (36.9) | 27 (41.5) | 29 (44.6) |
post-secondary | 36 (55.4) | 34 (52.3) | 26 (40.0) |
higher | 5 (7.7) | 4 (6.2) | 10 (15.4) |
Place of residence | |||
city up to 200,000 inhabitants | 14 (21.5) | 15 (23.1) | 22 (33.8) |
city above 200,000 inhabitants | 44 (67.7) | 31 (47.7) | 36 (55.4) |
village | 7 (10.8) | 19 (29.2) | 7 (10.8) |
Student | |||
yes | 59 (90.8) | 65 (100) | 50 (76.9) |
no | 6 (9.2) | - | 15 (23.1) |
Year of study | |||
I–III | 51 (86.4) | 64 (98.5) | 45 (90.0) |
IV–VI | 8 (13.6) | 1 (1.5) | 5 (10.0) |
Field of study | |||
medical | 53 (89.8) | 64 (98.5) | 35 (70.0) |
non-medical | 6 (10.2) | 1 (1.5) | 15 (30.0) |
University | |||
public | 59 (100) | 65 (100) | 50 (100) |
Variable | IQOS Smokers | Non-Smokers | Daily Smokers |
---|---|---|---|
n = 65 (%) | n = 65 (%) | n = 65 (%) | |
Subjective assessment of health status | |||
very good | 11 (16.9) | 21 (32.3) | 15 (23.1) |
good | 48 (73.9) | 30 (46.1) | 33 (50.8) |
neither good nor bad | 5 (7.7) | 12 (18.5) | 14 (21.5) |
unsatisfactory | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.1) | 3 (4.6) |
Health status (compared to the health status of peers) | |||
better | 7 (10.8) | 13 (20.0) | 13 (20.0) |
comparable | 55 (84.6) | 44 (67.7) | 39 (60.0) |
worse | 3 (4.6) | 8 (12.3) | 13 (20.0) |
Symptoms occurring in the last month | |||
toothache | 11 (16.9) | 12 (18.5) | 11 (16.9) |
chest pain after exercise | 8 (12.3) | 10 (15.4) | 15 (23.1) |
back pain | 43 (66.2) | 47 (72.3) | 37 (56.9) |
joint pain | 27 (41.5) | 18 (27.7) | 23 (35.4) |
constipation | 13 (20.0) | 16 (24.6) | 16 (24.6) |
headache | 47 (72.4) | 54 (83.1) | 46 (70.8) |
insomnia | 29 (44.6) | 24 (36.9) | 39 (60.0) |
depression | 26 (40.0) | 19 (29.2) | 27 (41.5) |
swelling (swelling of the feet) | 6 (9.2) | 5 (7.7) | 8 (12.3) |
BMI (body mass index) | |||
normal | 45 (69.2) | 58 (89.2) | 37 (56.9) |
overweight | 16 (24.6) | 6 (9.3) | 23 (35.4) |
obese | 4 (6.2) | 1 (1.5) | 5 (7.7) |
WHR (waist hip ratio) | |||
normal | 53 (81.5) | 43 (66.2) | 50 (76.9) |
abdominal obesity | 12 (18.5) | 22 (33.8) | 15 (23.1) |
Number of steps per day | |||
<10,000 | 42 (64.6) | 46 (70.8) | 33 (50.8) |
≥10,000 | 23 (35.4) | 19 (29.2) | 32 (49.2) |
Study Group | Mean | Standard Deviation (SD) | Median | Minimum (Min) | Maximum (Max) | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 110 | ||||||||
RBC [×106/μL] | IQOS | 37 | 4.78 | 0.38 | 4.79 | 4.13 | 5.77 | 0.17 * |
NS | 45 | 4.61 | 0.40 | 4.67 | 3.97 | 5.74 | ||
DS | 28 | 4.65 | 0.48 | 4.71 | 3.41 | 5.58 | ||
WBC [×103/μL] | IQOS | 37 | 5.96 | 1.46 | 5.38 | 3.51 | 9.88 | 0.49 |
NS | 45 | 5.93 | 1.37 | 5.82 | 3.43 | 11.02 | ||
DS | 28 | 6.38 | 1.51 | 6.13 | 4.24 | 9.65 | ||
Lymphocytes [×103/μL] | IQOS | 37 | 2.09 | 0.60 | 2.03 | 1.05 | 3.87 | 0.78 |
NS | 45 | 2.16 | 0.53 | 2.11 | 1.10 | 3.69 | ||
DS | 28 | 2.12 | 0.50 | 2.09 | 1.27 | 3.77 | ||
MONO [×103/μL] | IQOS | 37 | 0.49 | 0.12 | 0.49 | 0.28 | 0.65 | 0.25 |
NS | 45 | 0.49 | 0.13 | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.83 | ||
DS | 28 | 0.57 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 0.28 | 0.92 | ||
PLT [×103/μL] | IQOS | 37 | 290.27 | 66.40 | 284 | 166 | 422 | p < 0.05 |
NS | 45 | 256.33 | 59.74 | 249 | 162 | 411 | ||
DS | 28 | 267.14 | 50.33 | 263.50 | 184 | 411 | ||
HGB [g/dL] | IQOS | 37 | 14.33 | 1.07 | 14.30 | 12.70 | 17 | 0.05 |
NS | 45 | 13.53 | 1.33 | 13.70 | 8.60 | 16.70 | ||
DS | 28 | 13.90 | 1.60 | 14 | 10 | 16.50 | ||
CRP [mg/L] | IQOS | 37 | 1.52 | 2.93 | 0.70 | 0.10 | 17.60 | 0.49 |
NS | 45 | 1.32 | 1.87 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 11.50 | ||
DS | 28 | 1.88 | 3.83 | 0.60 | 0.10 | 16.70 | ||
Uric acid [mg/dL] | IQOS | 37 | 4.77 | 1.28 | 4.52 | 2.71 | 8.66 | p < 0.01 |
NS | 45 | 4.40 | 0.87 | 4.28 | 2.77 | 6.82 | ||
DS | 28 | 5.22 | 1.14 | 5.21 | 2.84 | 7.66 | ||
Fibrinogen [mg/dL] | IQOS | 37 | 239.05 | 53.08 | 228 | 168 | 380 | 0.85 |
NS | 45 | 237.47 | 60.02 | 230 | 157 | 502 | ||
DS | 28 | 232.78 | 57.86 | 226 | 140 | 426 | ||
Triglycerides [mg/dL] | IQOS | 37 | 86.35 | 35.89 | 73 | 46 | 182 | 0.82 |
NS | 45 | 84.07 | 40.73 | 76 | 36 | 187 | ||
DS | 28 | 87.46 | 48.10 | 69.50 | 34 | 271 | ||
LDL [mg/dL] | IQOS | 37 | 95.03 | 29.17 | 91 | 47 | 161 | 0.53 * |
NS | 45 | 88.53 | 29.55 | 87 | 40 | 158 | ||
DS | 28 | 89.14 | 22.07 | 86.50 | 41 | 128 | ||
HDL [mg/dL] | IQOS | 37 | 61.24 | 13.89 | 62 | 37 | 93 | 0.48 * |
NS | 45 | 64.80 | 14.61 | 63 | 38 | 99 | ||
DS | 28 | 61.75 | 13.80 | 61 | 42 | 93 | ||
Total cholesterol [mg/dL] | IQOS | 37 | 173.49 | 30.75 | 169 | 120 | 265 | 0.78 * |
NS | 45 | 170.16 | 34.29 | 170 | 111 | 241 | ||
DS | 28 | 168.21 | 25.41 | 169 | 129 | 213 | ||
Apo A1 [g/L] | IQOS | 37 | 1.56 | 0.29 | 1.56 | 1.06 | 2.25 | 0.77 * |
NS | 45 | 1.60 | 0.28 | 1.59 | 1.14 | 2.23 | ||
DS | 28 | 1.59 | 0.23 | 1.56 | 1.21 | 2.13 | ||
Apo B [g/L] | IQOS | 37 | 0.82 | 0.21 | 0.80 | 0.47 | 1.39 | 0.70 * |
NS | 45 | 0.78 | 0.21 | 0.76 | 0.44 | 1.26 | ||
DS | 28 | 0.79 | 0.18 | 0.77 | 0.50 | 1.19 | ||
Glucose [mg/dL] | IQOS | 37 | 85.25 | 8.72 | 85.90 | 58.60 | 112 | 0.23 |
NS | 45 | 86.86 | 5.76 | 87 | 77 | 99 | ||
DS | 28 | 84.4 | 5.56 | 85 | 73.40 | 94 |
ρ (rho) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|
RBC and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.16 | 0.3497 |
WBC and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.36 | p < 0.05 |
Lymphocytes and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.38 | p < 0.05 |
MONO and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.23 | 0.1620 |
PLT and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.17 | 0.3228 |
HGB and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.26 | 0.1193 |
CRP and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.13 | 0.4520 |
Uric acid and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.34 | p < 0.05 |
Fibrinogen and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | 0.08 | 0.6200 |
Triglycerides and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.19 | 0.2613 |
LDL and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.08 | 0.6171 |
HDL and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | 0.39 | p < 0.05 |
Total cholesterol and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | 0.01 | 0.9509 |
Apo A1 and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | 0.29 | 0.0798 |
Apo B and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.11 | 0.5070 |
Glucose and daily frequency of using nicotine-heated tobacco sticks | −0.47 | p < 0.01 |
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Znyk, M.; Raciborski, F.; Kaleta, D. Evaluation of Morphology and Biochemical Parameters of Young Adults Using Heated Tobacco Products in Poland: A Case-Control Study. J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14, 2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082734
Znyk M, Raciborski F, Kaleta D. Evaluation of Morphology and Biochemical Parameters of Young Adults Using Heated Tobacco Products in Poland: A Case-Control Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025; 14(8):2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082734
Chicago/Turabian StyleZnyk, Małgorzata, Filip Raciborski, and Dorota Kaleta. 2025. "Evaluation of Morphology and Biochemical Parameters of Young Adults Using Heated Tobacco Products in Poland: A Case-Control Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 14, no. 8: 2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082734
APA StyleZnyk, M., Raciborski, F., & Kaleta, D. (2025). Evaluation of Morphology and Biochemical Parameters of Young Adults Using Heated Tobacco Products in Poland: A Case-Control Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(8), 2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14082734