The Eye as a Window to Systemic Infectious Diseases: Old Enemies, New Imaging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Syphilis
2.2. Tuberculosis
2.3. Toxoplasmosis
3. Results and Discussion
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Clinical Features | % |
---|---|
Retinitis | 14 |
Optic neuritis | 14 |
Anterior uveitis (plus iris gumma) | 3.5 |
Neuroretinitis | 3.5 |
Intermediate uveitis | 3.5 |
Retinal vasculitis | 3.5 |
Posterior placoid chorioretinitis | 58 |
Ocular Complications | % |
---|---|
Cataract | 12.9 |
Ocular Hypertension | 4.7 |
Posterior Synechiae | 4.7 |
Chorioretinal Scarring | 3.8 |
Epiretinal Membrane | 3.8 |
Macular Edema | 3.1 |
Optic Disc Atrophy | 3.1 |
Retinal Detachment | 2.5 |
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy | 1.6 |
Phthisis Bulbi | 1.3 |
Others | 2.2 |
Total | 43.7 |
Clinical Features | % | |
---|---|---|
Uveitis | Posterior uveitis | 36.3 |
Intermediate uveitis | 15.9 | |
Anterior uveitis | 12.5 | |
Panuveitis | 35.3 | |
Vitreous haze | 45.4 | |
Snowballs | 16.2 | |
Snowbanking | 6.1 | |
Disc hyperemia/edema | 20.5 | |
Macular edema | 17.6 | |
Choroidal involvement | 64.4 | |
Retinal vasculitis (with occlusive features) | 41.4 | |
Retinal vasculitis (without occlusive features) | 31.5 |
Ocular Complications | % |
---|---|
Chorioretinitis | 50 |
Isolated Retinal Tear | 6 |
Retinal Detachment | 6 |
Retinal Vascular Occlusion | 5 |
Pre-Retinal Membrane | 7 |
Macular Edema | 12 |
Choroidal Neovascularization | <1 |
Vitreous Hemorrhage | 2 |
Optic Atrophy | 4 |
Cataract | 5–13 |
Raised Intraocular Pressure | 30–38 |
Retinochoroiditis recurrence (at 5 years) | 79 |
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Pirani, V.; Pelliccioni, P.; De Turris, S.; Rosati, A.; Franceschi, A.; Cesari, C.; Nicolai, M.; Mariotti, C. The Eye as a Window to Systemic Infectious Diseases: Old Enemies, New Imaging. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1392. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091392
Pirani V, Pelliccioni P, De Turris S, Rosati A, Franceschi A, Cesari C, Nicolai M, Mariotti C. The Eye as a Window to Systemic Infectious Diseases: Old Enemies, New Imaging. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2019; 8(9):1392. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091392
Chicago/Turabian StylePirani, Vittorio, Paolo Pelliccioni, Serena De Turris, Alessandro Rosati, Alessandro Franceschi, Claudia Cesari, Michele Nicolai, and Cesare Mariotti. 2019. "The Eye as a Window to Systemic Infectious Diseases: Old Enemies, New Imaging" Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 9: 1392. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091392