The 10-Year Study of the Impact of Particulate Matters on Mortality in Two Transit Cities in North-Eastern Poland (PL-PARTICLES)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Patients and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Region′s Characteristics
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Suwałki | Łomża | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Total deaths, N | 7486 | 8082 | |
Male, % (N) | 54.1 (4055) | 54.5 (4408) | 0.640 |
Mean age (SD) | 71.7 (16.6) | 72.7 (15.7) | <0.001 |
CDR (100,000 population/year) | 1079.5 | 1288.1 | <0.001 |
SDR (100,000 population/year) | 1638.1 | 1944.6 | <0.001 |
Suwałki | Łomża | p | |
---|---|---|---|
All, % (N) | 100 (7486) | 100 (8082) | N/A |
Cardiovascular deaths, % (N) | 36.4 (2724) | 41.2 (3328) | <0.001 |
Pulmonary deaths, % (N) | 7.3 (549) | 6.5 (528) | <0.001 |
Chronic ischemic heart disease, % (N) | 8.5 (633) | 9.1 (733) | 0.176 |
Cerebral infarction, % (N) | 5.8 (432) | 9.2 (744) | <0.001 |
Heart disease-unspecified, % (N) | 5.0 (372) | 3.5 (285) | <0.001 |
Myocardial infarction, % (N) | 3.1 (232) | 3.9 (315) | 0.007 |
Intracerebral hemorrhage, % (N) | 2.3 (174) | 2.7 (219) | 0.126 |
Hypertensive heart disease, % (N) | 2.2 (168) | 1.8 (144) | 0.040 |
Heart failure, % (N) | 1.9 (141) | 3.4 (276) | <0.001 |
Malignant neoplasm of bronchus and lung, % (N) | 8.0 (597) | 6.4 (518) | <0.001 |
Instantaneous death, % (N) | 2.6 (196) | 2.8 (225) | 0.524 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, % (N) | 2.6 (193) | 3.2 (258) | 0.022 |
Pneumonia, % (N) | 2.5 (188) | 2.3 (183) | 0.313 |
Diabetes mellitus, % (N) | 2.1 (160) | 2.6 (206) | 0.090 |
Malignant neoplasm of breast, % (N) | 2.1 (157) | 1.6 (127) | 0.014 |
Malignant neoplasm of colon, % (N) | 2.0 (152) | 1.9 (152) | 0.121 |
Malignant neoplasm of prostate, % (N) | 2.0 (148) | 1.7 (137) | 0.190 |
Senility, % (N) | 1.9 (139) | 2.2 (176) | 0.155 |
Suicide, % (N) | 1.8 (132) | 0.8 (62) | <0.001 |
Atherosclerosis, % (N) | 1.7 (125) | 1.8 (146) | 0.515 |
Malignant neoplasm of gastric, % (N) | 1.6 (116) | 1.4 (115) | 0.514 |
Other, % (N) | 40.5 (3031) | 37.9 (3061) | <0.001 |
Variables | PM2.5 µg/m3 | PM10 µg/m3 | Temp. °C | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Suwałki | Łomża | p | Suwałki | Łomża | p | Suwałki | Łomża | p | |
Days with observation; N, (%) | 1309 (35.8) | 2230 (61.1) | <0.001 | 3313 (90.7) | 3533 (96.7) | <0.001 | 3653 (100) | 3653 (100) | N/A |
2008; mean/day (SD) | N/D | N/D | N/A | 21.5 (11.6) | 31.2 (19.1) | <0.001 | 8.0 (7.2) | 8.5 (7.3) | 0.346 |
2009; mean/day (SD) | N/D | N/D | N/A | 23.7 (18.2) | 34.1 (25.1) | <0.001 | 6.9 (8.6) | 7.2 (8.6) | 0.559 |
2010; mean/day (SD) | N/D | N/D | N/A | 22.1 (13.3) | 29.9 (19.8) | <0.001 | 6.3 (10.7) | 6.5 (10.5) | 0.754 |
2011; mean/day (SD) | N/D | 33.02 (25.6) | N/A | 21.4 (14.2) | 34.0 (23.8) | <0.001 | 7.4 (9.0) | 8.1 (8.9) | 0.346 |
2012; mean/day (SD) | N/D | 33.2 (29.4) | N/A | 20.2 (12.8) | 29.9 (20.1) | <0.001 | 6.6 (9.8) | 7.3 (9.9) | 0.350 |
2013; mean/day (SD) | N/D | 27.9 (24.7) | N/A | 19.1 (11.2) | 27.1 (15.7) | <0.001 | 7.2 (9.1) | 7.7 (9.0) | 0.535 |
2014; mean/day (SD) | 15.1 (8.7) | 28.0 (24.5) | <0.001 | 25.9 (16.8) | 29.4 (18.0) | 0.007 | 7.8 (8.8) | 8.2 (8.7) | 0.551 |
2015; mean/day (SD) | 13.2 (10.8) | 26.6 (21.8) | <0.001 | 24.22 (16.72) | 26.1 (15.6) | 0.004 | 8.3 (7.4) | 9.1 (7.7) | 0.218 |
2016; mean/day (SD) | 11.6 (8.02) | 25.9 (21.2) | <0.001 | 19.3 (10.0) | 23.6 (14.5) | <0.001 | 7.6 (8.5) | 8.2 (8.4) | 0.272 |
2017; mean/day (SD) | 11.4 (8.5) | 25.6 (21.8) | <0.001 | 21.0 (13.2) | 24.8 (16.7) | <0.001 | 7.5 (7.9) | 8.4 (8.1) | 0.108 |
Total; mean/day (SD) | 12.6 (9.2) | 28.4 (24.3) | <0.001 | 21.7 (14.0) | 29.0 (19.4) | <0.001 | 7.4 (8.8) | 7.9 (8.8) | 0.009 |
1st quartile | 6.6 | 12.2 | <0.001 | 12.5 | 16.9 | <0.001 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 0.009 |
Daily median | 9.9 | 20.0 | <0.001 | 18.1 | 24.0 | <0.001 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 0.009 |
3rd quartile | 15.5 | 37.4 | <0.001 | 27.0 | 35.0 | <0.001 | 14.6 | 15.3 | 0.009 |
IQR | 9.0 | 25.2 | <0.001 | 14.5 | 18.0 | <0.001 | 13.4 | 13.7 | 0.009 |
Exceed daily mean WHO guideline; N (%) | 110 (8.4) | 908 (40.7) | <0.001 | 139 (4.2) | 345 (9.8) | <0.001 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
PM2.5 µg/m3 | r = 0.518; p < 0.001 | r = −0.608; p < 0.001 |
r = 0.668; p < 0.001 | PM10 µg/m3 | r = −0.303; p < 0.001 |
r = −0.268; p < 0.001 | r = −0.243; p < 0.001 | Temperature °C |
Variables | Suwałki | Łomża | Ratio of Odds Ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | ROR (95% CI) | p | |||
Total mortality | LAG 0 | PM2.5 | 1.044 (1.001–1.089) | 0.04 | 1.061 (1.017–1.105) | 0.006 | 0.984 (0.972–1.044) | 0.29 |
PM10 | 1.024 (0.995–1.054) | 0.10 | 1.018 (0.991–1.047) | 0.21 | 1.005 (0.966–1.047) | 0.38 | ||
LAG 1 | PM2.5 | 1.027 (0.981–1.075) | 0.27 | 1.029 (0.988–1.071) | 0.17 | 0.998 (0.339–1.061) | 0.48 | |
PM10 | 1.006 (0.978–1.036) | 0.66 | 1.028 (1.000–1.058) | 0.049 | 0.977 (0.939–1.017) | 0.14 | ||
LAG 2 | PM2.5 | 1.005 (0.961–1.052) | 0.83 | 1.036 (0.995–1.078) | 0.82 | 0.971 (0.913–1.032) | 0.17 | |
PM10 | 1.034 (1.005–1.064) | 0.02 | 1.030 (1.001–1.060) | 0.04 | 1.004 (0.965–1.045) | 0.43 | ||
Cardiovascular mortality | LAG 0 | PM2.5 | 1.085 (1.005–1.171) | 0.04 | 1.086 (1.020–1.156) | 0.01 | 0.999 (0.905–1.103) | 0.50 |
PM10 | 1.056 (1.006–1.107) | 0.03 | 1.022 (0.979–1.067) | 0.33 | 1.033 (0.972–1.098) | 0.15 | ||
LAG 1 | PM2.5 | 1.034 (0.957–1.116) | 0.39 | 1.029 (0.967–1.095) | 0.37 | 1.005 (0.910–1.109) | 0.46 | |
PM10 | 1.004 (0.957–1.054) | 0.86 | 1.034 (0.991–1.080) | 0.13 | 0.971 (0.909–1.036) | 0.19 | ||
LAG 2 | PM2.5 | 1.014 (0.939–1.094) | 0.73 | 0.992 (0.932–1.056) | 0.80 | 0.981 (0.898–1.071) | 0.33 | |
PM10 | 1.025 (0.977–1.076) | 0.31 | 1.008 (0.965–1.053) | 0.72 | 1.017 (0.952–1.085) | 0.31 | ||
Pulmonary mortality | LAG 0 | PM2.5 | 1.161 (0.987–1.365) | 0.072 | 1.130 (0.967–1.320) | 0.12 | 1.027 (0.821–1.286) | 0.41 |
PM10 | 1.023 (0.916–1.141) | 0.68 | 1.011 (0.906–1.128) | 0.87 | 1.012 (0.866–1.181) | 0.44 | ||
LAG 1 | PM2.5 | 1.040 (0.885–1.221) | 0.64 | 1.163 (1.021–1.380) | 0.03 | 0.894 (0.717–1.115) | 0.16 | |
PM10 | 0.979 (0.879–1.091) | 0.69 | 1.013 (0.904–1.135) | 0.82 | 0.966 (0.826–1.131) | 0.33 | ||
LAG 2 | PM2.5 | 0.898 (0.759–1.062) | 0.21 | 1.073 (0.921–1.251) | 0.37 | 0.837 (0.667–1.050) | 0.06 | |
PM10 | 0.951 (0.850–1.064) | 0.38 | 1.044 (0.933–1.168) | 0.45 | 0.911 (0.779–1.064) | 0.12 |
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Kuźma, Ł.; Dąbrowski, E.J.; Kurasz, A.; Bachórzewska-Gajewska, H.; Dobrzycki, S. The 10-Year Study of the Impact of Particulate Matters on Mortality in Two Transit Cities in North-Eastern Poland (PL-PARTICLES). J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3445. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113445
Kuźma Ł, Dąbrowski EJ, Kurasz A, Bachórzewska-Gajewska H, Dobrzycki S. The 10-Year Study of the Impact of Particulate Matters on Mortality in Two Transit Cities in North-Eastern Poland (PL-PARTICLES). Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(11):3445. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113445
Chicago/Turabian StyleKuźma, Łukasz, Emil Julian Dąbrowski, Anna Kurasz, Hanna Bachórzewska-Gajewska, and Sławomir Dobrzycki. 2020. "The 10-Year Study of the Impact of Particulate Matters on Mortality in Two Transit Cities in North-Eastern Poland (PL-PARTICLES)" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11: 3445. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113445