Low Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Endothelial Function in Subjects without Lipid-Lowering Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Measurement of FMD
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Relationship of LDL-C with Endothelial Function
3.3. Relationship of Extremely Low LDL-C with Endothelial Function
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 7120) | <70 mg/dL (n = 245) | 70–99 mg/dL (n = 1588) | 100–119 mg/dL (n = 1860) | 120–139 mg/dL (n = 1724) | ≥140 mg/dL (n = 1703) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 50.2 ± 12 | 47.5 ± 14 | 47.1 ± 13 | 50.4 ± 12 | 51.2 ± 11 | 52.3 ± 10 | <0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 22.2 ± 3.4 | 22.3 ± 3.3 | 23.1 ± 3.3 | 23.8 ± 3.3 | 24.1 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
Gender, men/women | 5465/1655 | 182/63 | 1222/366 | 1428/432 | 1361/363 | 1272/431 | 0.050 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 127 ± 17 | 125 ± 19 | 124 ± 17 | 127 ± 17 | 129 ± 16 | 130 ± 17 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 79 ± 12 | 78 ± 13 | 77 ± 12 | 79 ± 12 | 81 ± 12 | 81 ± 12 | <0.001 |
Heart rate, bpm | 65 ± 11 | 66 ± 13 | 64 ± 11 | 65 ± 11 | 64 ± 10 | 66 ± 11 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 203 ± 33 | 146 ± 23 | 172 ± 19 | 193 ± 16 | 211 ± 16 | 242 ± 23 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 104 (72, 149) | 87 (57, 145) | 85 (61, 130) | 95 (67, 136) | 111 (79, 155) | 123 (90, 162) | <0.001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 60 ± 16 | 64 ± 20 | 63 ± 17 | 61 ± 15 | 58 ± 15 | 57 ± 14 | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 120 ± 30 | 60 ± 9 | 88 ± 8 | 110 ± 6 | 129 ± 6 | 159 ± 18 | - |
Glucose, mg/dL | 100 ± 20 | 100 ± 21 | 97 ± 18 | 100 ± 21 | 100 ± 19 | 102 ± 22 | <0.001 |
Medications, n (%) | |||||||
Anti-hypertensive therapy | 1669 (23.5) | 59 (24.0) | 312 (19.7) | 443 (23.8) | 460 (26.7) | 395 (23.2) | <0.001 |
Anti-hyperglycemic therapy | 311 (4.4) | 16 (6.5) | 70 (4.4) | 80 (4.3) | 70 (4.1) | 75 (4.4) | 0.544 |
Framingham risk score, % | 8.1 ± 7.2 | 2.7 ± 2.2 | 3.3 ± 2.9 | 7.9 ± 6.4 | 9.4 ± 7.0 | 12.3 ± 8.5 | <0.001 |
Medical history, n (%) | |||||||
Hypertension | 2924 (41.1) | 90 (36.6) | 543 (34.2) | 767 (41.2) | 769 (44.6) | 755 (44.3) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 2986 (41.9) | 63 (25.7) | 320 (20.2) | 392 (21.1) | 508 (29.5) | 1703 (100.0) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 511 (7.2) | 22 (9.0) | 96 (6.1) | 132 (7.1) | 117 (6.8) | 144 (8.5) | 0.066 |
Smokers | 2165 (30.5) | 82 (33.5) | 530 (33.4) | 542 (29.2) | 524 (30.5) | 487 (28.7) | 0.021 |
FMD, % | 6.1 ± 3.2 | 6.2 ± 3.3 | 6.5 ± 3.3 | 6.3 ± 3.3 | 5.9 ± 3.1 | 5.9 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
Variables | β | VIF | Parameter Estimate | Standard Error | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | −0.284 | 1.45 | −0.077 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | −0.114 | 1.30 | −0.109 | 0.012 | <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | −0.112 | 2.85 | −0.021 | 0.004 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 0.074 | 2.66 | 0.020 | 0.005 | <0.001 |
Heart rate, bpm | 0.048 | 1.11 | 0.014 | 0.003 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.860 | 70.45 | 0.083 | 0.009 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | −0.386 | 10.69 | −0.019 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | −0.420 | 16.78 | −0.085 | 0.009 | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | −0.744 | 58.13 | −0.080 | 0.009 | <0.001 |
Glucose, mg/dL | −0.035 | 1.21 | −0.006 | 0.002 | 0.004 |
Framingham risk score, % | −0.036 | 2.40 | −0.016 | 0.008 | 0.037 |
Variables | <70 mg/dL (n = 244) | ≥70 mg/dL (n = 244) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 47.5 ± 14 | 47.5 ± 13 | 0.997 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 22.2 ± 3.4 | 22.2 ± 3.5 | 0.856 |
Gender, men/women | 182/61 | 196/47 | 0.127 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 125 ± 19 | 126 ± 17 | 0.354 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78 ± 13 | 78 ± 12 | 0.795 |
Heart rate, bpm | 66 ± 13 | 66 ± 11 | 0.619 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 147 ± 22 | 203 ± 32 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 87 (56, 145) | 95 (67, 144) | 0.826 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 65 ± 20 | 65 ± 19 | 0.998 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 60 ± 9 | 117 ± 28 | <0.001 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 100 ± 22 | 99 ± 23 | 0.759 |
Medications, n (%) | |||
Anti-hypertensive therapy | 59 (24.3) | 59 (24.3) | 1.000 |
Anti-hyperglycemic therapy | 16 (6.6) | 17 (7.0) | 0.857 |
Framingham risk score, % | 2.7 ± 2.1 | 7.2 ± 6.9 | <0.001 |
Medical history, n (%) | |||
Hypertension | 90 (37.0) | 82 (33.7) | 0.448 |
Dyslipidemia | 62 (25.5) | 84 (34.6) | 0.030 |
Diabetes mellitus | 22 (9.1) | 24 (9.9) | 0.757 |
Smokers | 82 (33.7) | 79 (32.5) | 0.773 |
FMD, % | 6.2 ± 3.2 | 6.4 ± 3.3 | 0.386 |
Variables | Total (n = 7120) | <50 mg/dL (n = 35) | 50–69 mg/dL (n = 210) | 70–99 mg/dL (n = 1588) | 100–119 mg/dL (n = 1860) | 120–139 mg/dL (n = 1724) | ≥140 mg/dL (n = 1703) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, year | 50.2 ± 12 | 49.1 ± 13 | 47.2 ± 14 | 47.1 ± 13 | 50.4 ± 12 | 51.2 ± 11 | 52.3 ± 10 | <0.001 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.3 ± 3.4 | 22.5 ± 4.0 | 22.1 ± 3.3 | 22.3 ± 3.3 | 23.1 ± 3.3 | 23.8 ± 3.3 | 24.1 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
Gender, men/women | 5465/1655 | 28/7 | 154/56 | 1222/366 | 1428/432 | 1361/363 | 1272/431 | 0.067 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 127 ± 17 | 126 ± 21 | 124 ± 18 | 124 ± 17 | 127 ± 17 | 129 ± 16 | 130 ± 17 | <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 79 ± 12 | 78 ± 13 | 78 ± 13 | 77 ± 12 | 79 ± 12 | 81 ± 12 | 81 ± 12 | <0.001 |
Heart rate, bpm | 65 ± 11 | 66 ± 11 | 66 ± 13 | 64 ± 11 | 65 ± 11 | 64 ± 10 | 66 ± 11 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 203 ± 33 | 132 ± 22 | 149 ± 22 | 172 ± 19 | 193 ± 16 | 211 ± 16 | 242 ± 23 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 104 (72, 149) | 87 (65, 168) | 87 (56, 141) | 85 (61, 130) | 95 (67, 136) | 111 (79, 155) | 123 (90, 162) | <0.001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 60 ± 16 | 65 ± 21 | 64 ± 20 | 63 ± 17 | 61 ± 15 | 58 ± 15 | 57 ± 14 | <0.001 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 120 ± 30 | 43 ± 6 | 62 ± 5 | 88 ± 8 | 110 ± 6 | 129 ± 6 | 159 ± 18 | - |
Glucose, mg/dL | 100 ± 20 | 100 ± 12 | 100 ± 23 | 97 ± 18 | 100 ± 21 | 100 ± 19 | 102 ± 22 | <0.001 |
Medications, n (%) | ||||||||
Anti-hypertensive therapy | 1669 (23.5) | 10 (28.6) | 49 (23.3) | 312 (19.7) | 443 (23.8) | 460 (26.7) | 395 (23.2) | <0.001 |
Anti-hyperglycemic therapy | 311 (4.4) | 3 (8.6) | 13 (6.2) | 70 (4.4) | 80 (4.3) | 70 (4.1) | 75 (4.4) | 0.617 |
Framingham risk score, % | 8.1 ± 7.2 | 2.6 ± 2.0 | 2.7 ± 2.2 | 3.3 ± 2.9 | 7.9 ± 6.4 | 9.4 ± 7.0 | 12.3 ± 8.5 | <0.001 |
Medical history, n (%) | ||||||||
Hypertension | 2924 (41.1) | 13 (37.1) | 77 (36.7) | 543 (34.2) | 767 (41.2) | 769 (44.6) | 755 (44.3) | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 2986 (41.9) | 12 (34.3) | 51 (24.3) | 320 (20.2) | 392 (21.1) | 508 (29.5) | 1703 (100.0) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus | 511 (7.2) | 3 (8.6) | 19 (9.1) | 96 (6.1) | 132 (7.1) | 117 (6.8) | 144 (8.5) | 0.115 |
Smokers | 2165 (30.5) | 12 (34.3) | 70 (33.3) | 530 (33.4) | 542 (29.2) | 524 (30.5) | 487 (28.7) | 0.040 |
FMD, % | 6.1 ± 3.2 | 6.2 ± 3.5 | 6.2 ± 3.2 | 6.5 ± 3.3 | 6.3 ± 3.3 | 5.9 ± 3.1 | 5.9 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
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Takaeko, Y.; Kajikawa, M.; Kishimoto, S.; Yamaji, T.; Harada, T.; Han, Y.; Kihara, Y.; Hida, E.; Chayama, K.; Goto, C.; et al. Low Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Endothelial Function in Subjects without Lipid-Lowering Therapy. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 3796. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123796
Takaeko Y, Kajikawa M, Kishimoto S, Yamaji T, Harada T, Han Y, Kihara Y, Hida E, Chayama K, Goto C, et al. Low Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Endothelial Function in Subjects without Lipid-Lowering Therapy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(12):3796. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123796
Chicago/Turabian StyleTakaeko, Yuji, Masato Kajikawa, Shinji Kishimoto, Takayuki Yamaji, Takahiro Harada, Yiming Han, Yasuki Kihara, Eisuke Hida, Kazuaki Chayama, Chikara Goto, and et al. 2020. "Low Levels of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Endothelial Function in Subjects without Lipid-Lowering Therapy" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 12: 3796. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9123796