Next Article in Journal
An Introduction to High Intensity Focused Ultrasound: Systematic Review on Principles, Devices, and Clinical Applications
Previous Article in Journal
GDNF, A Neuron-Derived Factor Upregulated in Glial Cells during Disease
 
 
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Prevalence of Bacteria of Genus Actinomyces in Persistent Extraradicular Lesions—Systematic Review

1
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Rovelli 50, 71122 Foggia, Italy
2
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Division of Complex Operating Unit of Dentistry, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
3
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80121 Naples, Italy
4
Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(2), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020457
Submission received: 11 January 2020 / Revised: 4 February 2020 / Accepted: 5 February 2020 / Published: 7 February 2020
(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)

Abstract

:
Actinomyces are anaerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria. They are associated with persistent extraradicular endodontic infections, with possible involvement of the soft tissues of the maxillofacial district. Many studies reported conflicting data on the presence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces in endodontic infections. The aim of this systematic review of the literature was to determine the real prevalence of such bacteria in primary and/or secondary endodontic infections and in cases of persistence with extraradicular involvement. This systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA protocol. A search was carried out through the Scopus and PubMed databases of potentially eligible articles through the use of appropriate keywords. The literature research resulted in preliminary 2240 records which, after the elimination of overlaps and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, led to the inclusion of 46 articles focusing on three outcomes (primary outcome: number of teeth with the presence of a persistent extraradicular infection in which the presence of Actinomyces was ascertained; secondary outcome: number of teeth with endodontic infection in which the presence of Actinomyces was assessed; tertiary outcome: difference in the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces between primary endodontic infections and secondary endodontic infections). Results of the meta-analysis show how bacteria of the genus Actinomyces are present in primary and secondary intraradicular infections and in those with persistence with a prevalence (ratio between teeth with actinomyces and teeth with infection) ranging from 0.091 up to 0.130 depending on the subgroups analyzed.

1. Introduction

Endodontic lesions may represent a consequence of the invasion of the endodontic space by bacteria. Such micro-organisms may enter the canalicular spaces through carious lesions, traumatic lesions, and periodontal lesions (endo-perio lesions) and determine pathologies such as serous and purulent pulpitis, dental necrosis, and acute and chronic apical periodontitis.
Primary endodontic infection of a tooth can be resolved through endodontic treatment with canal disinfection and sealing of the endodontic system using thermoplastic materials such as gutta-percha [1] and with the aid of epoxy resins or zinc oxide-based eugenol cements [2].
Sometimes due to either incomplete cleaning and disinfection of the canals and the lack of an apical seal, the endodontic treatment can fail in its purposes, and the residual infection can lead to a persistent apical infection [3].
The bacteria Enterococcus faecalis is considered the main cause for intraradicular apical persistence infections and endodontic failures; nevertheless, often an endodontic retreatment can determine the remission of the disease [4].
Intraradicular infections sustained by Enterococci may be sustained by an important component of extraradicular infection [5]. This last one may be: dependent on an intraradicular infection (generally following endodontic retreatment), i.e., with the remission of the intraradicular infection, the extraradicular infection is eradicated; or independent, when the infection persists despite endodontic treatment, and the apical outer surface of the roots is covered with bacterial biofilms sometimes in filamentous aggregates. Bacteria such as Actinomyces and Propionibacterium are among those responsible for persistent extraradicular infections [6].
Extradicular infections represent one of the potential causes leading the loss of the dental elements following the failure of both endodontic treatment and retreatment. The abscess can also involve the submandibular and sublinguals lodges, as well as the maxillary sinuses, and can create cutaneous fistulous tracts [7].
Several studies identified bacteria of the genus Actinomyces and Propionibacteium in extraradicular infections. Ricucci et al. reported in different reports [8,9,10,11] seven cases of persistent infection in radiographically correctly endodontically treated teeth. The histological examination detected the presence of filamentous bacteria (compatible with histological diagnosis of actinomycosis), involving the extraradicular surface of the teeth in continuity with the intraradicular infection, also highlighting the presence of bacterial biofilm that from the external surface involves the endodontic space through the involvement of the lateral canals that can independently sustain the infection of the root.
Focusing on endodontic infections, Claesson et al. 2017 showed the presence of Actnomyces (A. radiscents) in 16 out of 926 radicular apexes, out of a total of 601 patients in 7 years. In addition, five of the 16 patients with Actinomyces had abscesses with fistula persistence, and the same authors reported the first case of persistent apical lesion from A. haliotis [12].
Sousa identified 20 extraradicular persistent lesions in 633 cases after endodontic treatment and retreatment; those 20 cases underwent apical surgery, and the subsequent SEM analysis revealed the presence of bacterial biofilm compatible with extraradicular infections without adding information on the presence of Actinomyces [13].
In 2012, Wang showed the presence of Actinomyces in 11 out of 13 apices, against eight involvements of Propionibacterium and five instances of Streptococcus [14].
This research provides data on the prevalence of Actinomyces in slightly different persistent endodontic lesions.
To our knowledge, no other systematic reviews have been, up today, conducted with cumulative meta-analysis on the presence of Actinomyces in persistent extraradicular infections. A previous review focusing on the prevalence of bacteria in endodontic failures identified Enterococcus faecalis among the main culprits of failures, highlighting the main bacteria that support endodontic primary infections [15].
The present review aims to provide data on the prevalence of bacteria of the Actinomyces genus, on persistent extraradicular lesions (primary outcome) and on endodontic lesion (secondary outcome), giving more information on endodontic infections that involve the external radicular surface (formation of filamentous bacterial aggregates). Moreover, an exact knowledge of the prevalence of cases of extraradicular infections independent of Actinomyces-supported intraradicular infection will alert the dentist to the possibility that endodontic retreatment supported by antibiotic therapy is ineffective in resolving the pathology that instead requires surgical extraction therapy or apicectomy.

2. Materials and Methods

The following systematic review was conducted based on the indications of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement [16]. After an initial screening phase performed on abstracts identified on the evaluated databases, the potentially eligible articles are qualitatively evaluated in order to investigate the role of bacteria of genus Actinomyces in endodontic infections and persistent extraradicular infections on endodontically treated teeth.

2.1. Eligibility Criteria and Research Methodology

The studies taken into consideration were in vitro and clinical studies, concerning the subject of infections and persistent endodontic lesions on teeth that already have an endodontic treatment object in particular. Articles dealing with the role of Actinomyces in the infection of the external root surface conducted in recent years and published in English were considered potentially eligible. In addition, bibliographies of previously published systematic reviews on similar topics were checked in order to find articles for potential inclusion in this study.
It was decided to focus on articles published in the last 40 years, since the techniques of disinfection, shaping, and sealing in endodontic treatments have radically changed, and data on the prevalence of studies prior to 1979 would already represent a bias for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Moreover, the identification systems of bacteria and of micro-organisms have recently improved, and new bacterial spaces are always identified.
Articles considered to be potentially eligible are those studies that talk about of the role of bacteria in endodontic infections with particular attention to selecting articles dealing with the role of Actinomyces in persistent extraradicular infections.
The potentially eligible articles were finally subjected to a full-text analysis to verify their eligibility for inclusion in both qualitative and quantitative analysis.
The inclusion and exclusion criteria applied in the full-text analysis are the following:
  • Include all those studies that have identified Actinomyces on the external radiculatum surface of the dental roots in teeth with persistent lesions previously treated by means of endodontic therapy;
  • Include all those articles that have identified bacteria in persistent endodontic lesions after retreatment with extraradicular involvement;
  • Include all articles that have analyzed the presence of Actinomyces infections in endodontic lesions (secondary outcome);
  • The exclusion criteria are to exclude all those studies and articles that deal only with case reports and reviews;
  • Include articles performed on a population larger than twenty teeth;
  • Exclude all those studies that did not search for the presence of Actinomyces in the endodontic setting and that do not report data on the prevalence or incidence of Actinomyces.
Studies have been identified through bibliographic research on electronic databases. The literature search was conducted on the search engines “PubMed” and “Scopus”. The search on the providers was conducted between 1 November 2019 and 10 September 2019 and the last search for a partial update of the literature was conducted on 15 November 2019. Details about search terms and combination strategies used for the literature research are reported in Table 1.

2.2. Screening Methodology

The obtained search records were subsequently examined by two independent reviewers (M.D. and D.S.), and a third reviewer (G.T.) acted as a decision maker in case of disagreement between the two reviewers. The screening included the analysis of the title and the abstract to eliminate the records not related to the topics of the review. After the screening phase, the overlaps were removed and the complete texts of the articles were analyzed, from which the ones eligible for the qualitative analysis and the inclusion in the meta-analysis for the two outcomes were identified. Data sought by the two reviewers in the included studies were:
(1)
Primary outcome: number of teeth with the presence of a persistent extraradicular infection in which the presence of Actinomyces has been ascertained;
(2)
Secondary outcome: number of teeth with endodontic infection in which the presence of Actinomyces has been ascertained;
(3)
Tertiary outcome difference in the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces between primary endodontic infections and secondary endodontic infections.

2.3. Risk of Bias Assessment and Planned Methods for Analysis

The Newcastle–Ottawa scale for case-control study was used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Meta-analysis for the primary and secondary outcomes was performed by random effects model with the DerSimonian–Liard method calculating the pooled proportion (PP) of the prevalence of endodontic infections using the software Open Meta-Analyst version 10 (Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA). Moreover, quantitative analysis for the tertiary outcome was performed with the software Reviewer Manager 5.3 (Cochrane collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark) [17]. In particular, pooled odds ratios (OR) and its 95% confidence intervals were calculated, and the inverse of variance test was applied to test for differences in overall effects between groups. The presence of heterogeneity was assessed by calculating the Higgins Index (I2); if such measure proved to be higher than 50%, the rate of heterogeneity was considered high. Pooled results of the meta-analysis were represented by forest plots for each of the analyzed outcomes.

3. Results

A total of 2240 records were identified on Pubmed and Scopus. After the initial screening phase, the elimination of overlaps and application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the following articles were obtained for the three outcomes:
  • six articles for the primary outcome: Persoon et al. 2017 [18], Esteves et al. 2017 [19], Sunde et al. 2002 [20], Hirshberg et al. 2003 [21], Zhang et al. 2010 [22], Signoretti et al. 2013 [23];
  • 46 articles for the secondary outcome: Pourhajibagher et al. 2018 [24], Lysakowska et al. 2016 [25], Halbauer et al. 2013 [26], Signoretti et al. 2013 [23], Niazi et al. 2010 [27], Fujii et al. 2009 [28], Vianna et al. 2007 [29], Chavez de Paz et al. 2005 [30], Gomes et al. 2004 [31], Claesson et al. 2017 [12], Rolph et al. 2001 [32], Sundqvist et al. 1998 [33], Vigil et al. 1997 [34], Sjogren et al. 1997 [35], Gomes et al. 1996 [36], Debelian et al. 1995 [37], Fukushima et al. 1990 [38], Qi et al. 2016 [39], Fernandes et al. 2014 [40], Tennert et al. 2014 [41], Chugal et al. 2011 [42], Ledezma-Rasillo et al. 2010 [43], Zhang et al. 2010 [22], Mindere et al. 2010 [44], Cogulu et al. 2008 [45], Chu et al. 2005 [46], Chavez de Paz et al. 2004 [47], Siqueira et al. 2004 [48], Hirshberg et al. 2003 [21], Tang et al. 2003 [49], Xia et al. 2003 [50], Pinheiro et al. 2003 [51], Siqueira et al. 2002 [52], Peters et al. 2002 [53], Sunde et al. 2002 [20], Siqueira et al. 2002 [54], Ercan et al. 2006 [55], Molander et al. 1998 [56], Ruviere et al. 2008 [57], Sundqvist et al. 1992 [58], Brauner and Conrads 1995 [59], Assed et al. 1996 [60], Hancock et al. 2001 [61], Esteves et al. 2017 [19], Persoon et al. 2017 [18];
  • seven articles for the tertiary outcome: Ercan et al. 2006 [55], Chugal et al. 2011 [42], Tennert et al. 2014 [41], Fernandes et al. 2014 [40], Rolph et al. 2001 [32], Gomes et al. 2004 [31], Lysakowska et al. 2016 [25].
K agreement between the two screening reviewers was 0.625 (Table 2). The K agreement was based on the formulas of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews [62].
The entire selection and screening procedures are described in the flow chart (Figure 1).

3.1. Study Characteristics and Data Extraction

The extracted data included the magazine (author, data, and journal), the bacterium species of the genus Actinomyces investigated (genus, species, and number of dental elements with the presence of the bacterium), the number of samples examined, type of sample (necrotic or vital tooth, endodontic canal, tooth in pulpitis or apical periodontitis, tooth previously treated endodontically, tooth with failure subject to extraction or endodontic surgery), the number of samples per pathology with the presence of Actinomyces, and the method used for bacterium identification (PCR or culture).
If data on the prevalence in single studies were reported only for the individual species of Actinomyces and the overall data were not present or it was not possible to obtain them, the data pertaining to the species were considered for the purpose of the meta-analysis, which in the single study presented the higher prevalence. If the data were reported as a percentage, the number was calculated through the use of proportions.
The data extracted for the tree outcomes are shown in Table 3 and Table 4.

3.2. Risk of Bias

The risk of bias was assessed through the Newcastle–Ottawa case-control scale, modified for the cumulative meta-analysis. The results are reported in detail in Table 5. For each category, a value of one to three was assigned (one = low and three = high).
Studies presenting a high risk of bias were not included in the meta-analyses. Articles with high Bias risk were excluded from the scale and eliminated during the inclusion phase. Other articles were excluded because they presented the same data and samples for the outcomes investigated. The risk of bias assessment for the 46 articles included was conducted by the first reviewer (M.D.).
The risk of bias between the studies is considered very high for the primary and secondary outcome; in fact, the heterogeneity that emerges from the meta-analysis shows an I2 equal to 88.09% for the primary outcome and 90.96% for the secondary outcome. For the tertiary outcome, the risk of bias between the studies was assessed through the funnel plot for the seven articles included (Figure 2).

3.3. Meta-Analysis

The heterogeneity of the primary outcome (number of teeth with the presence of a persistent extraradicular infection in which the presence of Actinomyces has been ascertained) was high with an I2 equal to 88.09%. For this reason, a random effects model was used. The cumulative meta-analysis presents an overall pooled proportion (I2 = 88.09%, p value < 0.001) of 0.108 (0.051, 0.165) with a ratio between events and samples examined equal to 55/1294 (Figure 3).
For the secondary outcome, the heterogeneity was very high with an I2 equal to 90.96%. For that reason, a random effects model was used. The cumulative meta-analysis presents a pooled proportion (I2 = 90.96%, p value < 0.001) of 0.130 (0.108, 0.151) with a ratio between events and samples examined equal to 418/4406 (Figure 4).
In consideration of the high heterogeneity of the studies, an analysis of the subgroups for the secondary outcome was also conducted. Studies were divided into primary, secondary, and primary/secondary, based on whether they investigated the presence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces in teeth with primary or secondary infection or in both. The results are reported in Figure 5.
For the tertiary outcome—difference in the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces between primary endodontic infections and secondary endodontic infections—the comparison showed average heterogeneity among the studies, with an I2 equal to 62%. Results reported in Figure 6 show that the rate of Actinomyces infection was higher in secondary than in primary endodontic infection (OR = 0.57, 95%CI: (0.32, 1.02)).

4. Discussion

Bacteria of the genus Actinomyces (optional anaerobic Gram-positive, rods) are very often identified in both primary and secondary endodontic infections. In addition, the literature places such microorganisms among the main causes of persistent extra-root infections together with the bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium. Both genera belong to the order of Actinomycetes and can colonize the external root surface, subsequently giving persistence of the lesion independently of the endodontic infection [4].
The path of penetration of Actinomyces within the root canal system is not entirely clear. Actinomyces is a normal commensal of the oral bacterial flora, and its penetration inside the endodontum may depend on the loss of the coronal seal. The most important cases of actinomycosis are associated with histories of complicated root canal treatments, but Actinomyces can, however, also be found in periapical lesions in which a root canal treatment has never been performed.
Actinomyces destroy local tissue and replace it with inflammatory and abscess tissue. The granules are generally yellowish in color but can be white-green or green-brown and are formed by masses of filamentous microorganisms that extend in a radiant way and sometimes appear calcified [64].
The purpose of these aggregations is to resist the action of the immune system, the microorganisms in these formations are resistant to phagocytosis creating a microenvironment favorable to their growth and acting as a barrier to the action of antibiotics [65].
Teeth subjected to a radiographically correct endodontic retreatment [66], but with the presence of radiographic radiolucent lesion, fistula with drainage of purulent material, are suspected of persistent extraradicular infection that can evolve into a cervical facial form, characterized clinically by skin lesions with hardened area with multiple abscesses containing grainy tissue, which tend to form cavities and drain onto the skin with purulent material containing granules described as “sulfurous” (the name sulfurous derives from the yellowish coloring of the yellow bacterial filamentous aggregates) [67].
There is also the possibility that the extraradicular infection may affect the maxillary sinuses, and that the infection may continue even after the extraction of the dental element if the patient is immune deficient, giving a picture of sinusitis [68].
In the last years, some reviews of the literature focusing on the microbiological aspects of endodontic infections have been performed. A narrative review performed by Yoo et al. in 2019 identified four types of biofilm (intracanal, extraradicular, periapical, and biomaterial-centered biofilms), indicating Actinomices and Propionibacterium as the main culprits of the extraradicular biofilms, and they can also colonize filling materials [69].
In 2016, Sakko et al. investigated the presence of bacteria in various endodontic lesions analyzing the associations most found in the literature and the probable path of penetration, suggesting possible ways of treatment [70].
Foaud, in 2019, focused on the microbiological aspects of teeth subjected to traumatic injuries, identifying Actinomyces among the bacteria mainly involved and also focusing on the use of antibiotics in the case of traumatized teeth [71].
Prada et al. reported in 2019 how most authors identified E. faecalis as the main microorganism associated with endodontic failures, noting, however, that recent studies isolate, to a greater extent, other bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Propionibacterium [15].
Previously, Zhang et al. included in 2015 10 studies on E. faecalis, analyzing a total of 927 teeth and concluded that such bacteria are more highly correlated with persistent intraradicular infections compared with untreated chronic periapical periodontitis [72]. Very recently, Manoli et al. published a systematic review including 26 studies that used new sequencing technologies aiming at redesigning a new map of the bacterial taxa associated with endodontic infections. Such review identified bacteria with a higher prevalence in infections but found no significant difference in the three groups analyzed (primary apical periodontitis, secondary apical periodontitis, and apical abscess) [73]. Such literature reviews, conducted over the past five years, have only marginally investigated the role of Actinomyces in persistent extraradicular infections. Only few of them focused on extraradicular bacterial biofilms, and only a few of these report data on the prevalence of Actinomyces in endodontic infections. This review differs from the previous ones because it focuses on the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces in endodontic infections.
Results of the present review showed that bacteria of the genus Actinomyces most frequently found in endodontic infections are: A. naeslundii, A. israelii, A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus, A meyeri, A. gerencseriae, A. radicidentis, and A. halioti; the latter three bacteria have been identified and researched with a much lower frequency (Table 3). In addition, the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces in the teeth with endodontic failures subject to surgical treatment is 55 out of 1294 teeth examined with a ratio of 0.108 (Figure 2). In some studies, the presence of Actinomyces on teeth with endodontic failures refractory to non-surgical therapy reached a ratio of 14 out of 33 teeth in a study by Zhang et al. 2010 [22] and 6 out of 36 in a study by Sunde et al. 2002 [20].
Estevens, on the other hand, reported slightly different data, on a total of 218 peri-apical lesions. The presence of bacterial colonies was identified only in 64 biopsies and only 7 showed the presence of actinomycosis. Furthermore, women resulted to be the most affected gender, while the site most affected was the jaw. All cases had peri-apical lesions persisting to root canal treatment and were therefore subject to surgical therapy (extraction or apicectomy) [19]. Hirshberg identified 17 typical colonies of actinomycosis out of 963 apical biopsies with a higher incidence in males and maxilla [21].
The second half of the analysis reported a prevalence of Actinomyces in all the included studies of 418 presences on 4406 teeth with an overall ratio of 0.130. Given the high heterogeneity of the studies, subgroups were also investigated. In the subgroups of studies investigating both primary and secondary infections, heterogeneity decreased with I2 = 79.27% and an overall prevalence of 14.1% with a ratio of 57/403. The data are in partial agreement with the cumulative meta-analysis for the secondary outcome.
The meta-analysis for the tertiary outcome relates to the prevalence of Actinomyces between primary and secondary infections in studies that investigated both conditions. The forest plot reports statistically significant data with fewer events (presence of Actinomyces) in teeth prone to primary infections. All studies intersect the non-effect line except for Fernandes et al. 2014 [40]. Studies in favor of a lower presence of Actinomyces bacteria in primary infections were Ercan et al. 2006 [55], Lysakowska et al. 2016 [25], and Fernandes et al. 2014 [40].

5. Conclusions

In conclusion, we can affirm that the bacteria of the genus Actinomyces are present in both primary and secondary intraradicular infections with a prevalence (ratio between teeth with Actinomyces and teeth with infection) ranging from 0.091 to 0.130, depending on the subgroups analyzed. Furthermore, they are responsible for many of the cases of extra-root infections with persistence of the lesions even following correct endodontic reprocessing.
In cases of persistence of intraradicular and extraradicular infections, many authors agree on establishing that the only solution is surgical, with operations of apicectomy or extraction of the dental element, to avoid complications such as facial cervical actinomycosis and facial imperfections.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, M.D., M.A., V.C., D.S., L.L., and G.T.; Methodology, M.D.; Software, M.D.; Data Analysis, M.D. and D.S.; Visualization, M.D.; Supervision and Project Administration, L.L.M.; Writing, M.D. and D.S.; Reviewing and Editing, M.D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

For the development of this study no funds have been received.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Lorenzo Lo Muzio, the director of the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine of the University of Foggia, whose help in writing this article has been fundamental.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Vishwanath, V.; Rao, H.M. Gutta-percha in endodontics—A comprehensive review of material science. J. Conserv. Dent. 2019, 22, 216–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Troiano, G.; Perrone, D.; Dioguardi, M.; Buonavoglia, A.; Ardito, F.; Lo Muzio, L. In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of three epoxy resin-based endodontic sealers. Dent. Mater. J. 2018, 37, 374–378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  3. Dioguardi, M.; Gioia, G.D.; Illuzzi, G.; Laneve, E.; Cocco, A.; Troiano, G. Endodontic irrigants: Different methods to improve efficacy and related problems. Eur. J. Dent. 2018, 12, 459–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  4. Dioguardi, M.; Di Gioia, G.; Illuzzi, G.; Arena, C.; Caponio, V.C.A.; Caloro, G.A.; Zhurakivska, K.; Adipietro, I.; Troiano, G.; Lo Muzio, L. Inspection of the Microbiota in Endodontic Lesions. Dent. J. 2019, 7, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  5. Pereira, R.S.; Rodrigues, V.A.A.; Furtado, W.T.; Gueiros, S.; Pereira, G.S.; Avila-Campos, M.J. Microbial analysis of root canal and periradicular lesion associated to teeth with endodontic failure. Anaerobe 2017, 48, 12–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Siqueira, J.F., Jr.; Rocas, I.N. Polymerase chain reaction detection of Propionibacterium propionicus and Actinomyces radicidentis in primary and persistent endodontic infections. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2003, 96, 215–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Urs, A.B.; Singh, H.; Nunia, K.; Mohanty, S.; Gupta, S. Post endodontic Aspergillosis in an immunocompetent individual. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 2015, 7, e535–e539. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Ricucci, D.; Lopes, W.S.P.; Loghin, S.; Rocas, I.N.; Siqueira, J.F., Jr. Large Bacterial Floc Causing an Independent Extraradicular Infection and Posttreatment Apical Periodontitis: A Case Report. J. Endod. 2018, 44, 1308–1316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  9. Ricucci, D.; Siqueira, J.F., Jr.; Lopes, W.S.; Vieira, A.R.; Rocas, I.N. Extraradicular infection as the cause of persistent symptoms: A case series. J. Endod. 2015, 41, 265–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Ricucci, D.; Candeiro, G.T.; Bugea, C.; Siqueira, J.F., Jr. Complex Apical Intraradicular Infection and Extraradicular Mineralized Biofilms as the Cause of Wet Canals and Treatment Failure: Report of 2 Cases. J. Endod. 2016, 42, 509–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Ricucci, D.; Siqueira, J.F., Jr. Apical actinomycosis as a continuum of intraradicular and extraradicular infection: Case report and critical review on its involvement with treatment failure. J. Endod. 2008, 34, 1124–1129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  12. Claesson, R.; Sjogren, U.; Esberg, A.; Brundin, M.; Granlund, M. Actinomyces radicidentis and Actinomyces haliotis, coccoid Actinomyces species isolated from the human oral cavity. Anaerobe 2017, 48, 19–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  13. Sousa, B.C.; Gomes, F.A.; Ferreira, C.M.; Rocha, M.; Barros, E.B.; Albuquerque, D.S. Persistent extra-radicular bacterial biofilm in endodontically treated human teeth: Scanning electron microscopy analysis after apical surgery. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2017, 80, 662–667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Wang, J.; Chen, W.; Jiang, Y.; Liang, J. Imaging of extraradicular biofilm using combined scanning electron microscopy and stereomicroscopy. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2013, 76, 979–983. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Prada, I.; Mico-Munoz, P.; Giner-Lluesma, T.; Mico-Martinez, P.; Collado-Castellano, N.; Manzano-Saiz, A. Influence of microbiology on endodontic failure. Literature review. Med. OralPatol. Oral Y Cir. Bucal 2019, 24, e364–e372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Liberati, A.; Altman, D.G.; Tetzlaff, J.; Mulrow, C.; Gotzsche, P.C.; Ioannidis, J.P.; Clarke, M.; Devereaux, P.J.; Kleijnen, J.; Moher, D. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2009, 62, e1–e34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  17. Lo, C.K.; Mertz, D.; Loeb, M. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale: Comparing reviewers’ to authors’ assessments. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 2014, 14, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  18. Persoon, I.F.; Buijs, M.J.; Ozok, A.R.; Crielaard, W.; Krom, B.P.; Zaura, E.; Brandt, B.W. The mycobiome of root canal infections is correlated to the bacteriome. Clin. Oral Investig. 2017, 21, 1871–1881. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  19. Esteves, L.S.; Henriques, A.C.G.; Silva, C.; Cangussu, M.C.T.; Ramos, E.A.G.; Estrela, C.; Santos, J.N.D. Actinomycosis is not Frequent in the Periapex But is a Persistent Lesion. Braz. Dent. J. 2017, 28, 688–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  20. Sunde, P.T.; Olsen, I.; Debelian, G.J.; Tronstad, L. Microbiota of periapical lesions refractory to endodontic therapy. J. Endod. 2002, 28, 304–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  21. Hirshberg, A.; Tsesis, I.; Metzger, Z.; Kaplan, I. Periapical actinomycosis: A clinicopathologic study. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2003, 95, 614–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  22. Zhang, S.; Wang, Q.Q.; Zhang, C.F.; Soo, I. Identification of dominant pathogens in periapical lesions associated with persistent apical periodontitis. Chin. J. Dent. Res. 2010, 13, 115–121. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  23. Signoretti, F.G.; Gomes, B.P.; Montagner, F.; Jacinto, R.C. Investigation of cultivable bacteria isolated from longstanding retreatment-resistant lesions of teeth with apical periodontitis. J. Endod. 2013, 39, 1240–1244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  24. Pourhajibagher, M.; Bahador, A. An in vivo evaluation of microbial diversity before and after the photo-activated disinfection in primary endodontic infections: Traditional phenotypic and molecular approaches. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 2018, 22, 19–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  25. Lysakowska, M.E.; Ciebiada-Adamiec, A.; Sienkiewicz, M.; Sokolowski, J.; Banaszek, K. The cultivable microbiota of primary and secondary infected root canals, their susceptibility to antibiotics and association with the signs and symptoms of infection. Int. Endod. J. 2016, 49, 422–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Halbauer, K.; Prskalo, K.; Jankovic, B.; Tarle, Z.; Panduric, V.; Kalenic, S. Efficacy of ozone on microorganisms in the tooth root canal. Coll. Antropol. 2013, 37, 101–107. [Google Scholar]
  27. Niazi, S.A.; Clarke, D.; Do, T.; Gilbert, S.C.; Mannocci, F.; Beighton, D. Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from refractory endodontic lesions are opportunistic pathogens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2010, 48, 3859–3869. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  28. Fujii, R.; Saito, Y.; Tokura, Y.; Nakagawa, K.I.; Okuda, K.; Ishihara, K. Characterization of bacterial flora in persistent apical periodontitis lesions. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 2009, 24, 502–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  29. Vianna, M.E.; Horz, H.P.; Conrads, G.; Zaia, A.A.; Souza-Filho, F.J.; Gomes, B.P. Effect of root canal procedures on endotoxins and endodontic pathogens. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 2007, 22, 411–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Chavez de Paz, L.; Svensater, G.; Dahlen, G.; Bergenholtz, G. Streptococci from root canals in teeth with apical periodontitis receiving endodontic treatment. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2005, 100, 232–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Gomes, B.P.; Pinheiro, E.T.; Gade-Neto, C.R.; Sousa, E.L.; Ferraz, C.C.; Zaia, A.A.; Teixeira, F.B.; Souza-Filho, F.J. Microbiological examination of infected dental root canals. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 2004, 19, 71–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  32. Rolph, H.J.; Lennon, A.; Riggio, M.P.; Saunders, W.P.; MacKenzie, D.; Coldero, L.; Bagg, J. Molecular identification of microorganisms from endodontic infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2001, 39, 3282–3289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  33. Sundqvist, G.; Figdor, D.; Persson, S.; Sjogren, U. Microbiologic analysis of teeth with failed endodontic treatment and the outcome of conservative re-treatment. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 1998, 85, 86–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Vigil, G.V.; Wayman, B.E.; Dazey, S.E.; Fowler, C.B.; Bradley, D.V., Jr. Identification and antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from periapical lesions. J. Endod. 1997, 23, 110–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Sjogren, U.; Figdor, D.; Persson, S.; Sundqvist, G. Influence of infection at the time of root filling on the outcome of endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Int. Endod. J. 1997, 30, 297–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Gomes, B.P.; Lilley, J.D.; Drucker, D.B. Clinical significance of dental root canal microflora. J. Dent. 1996, 24, 47–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Debelian, G.J.; Olsen, I.; Tronstad, L. Bacteremia in conjunction with endodontic therapy. Endod. Dent. Traumatol. 1995, 11, 142–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Fukushima, H.; Yamamoto, K.; Hirohata, K.; Sagawa, H.; Leung, K.P.; Walker, C.B. Localization and identification of root canal bacteria in clinically asymptomatic periapical pathosis. J. Endod. 1990, 16, 534–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Qi, Z.; Cao, H.; Jiang, H.; Zhao, J.; Tang, Z. Combinations of bacterial species associated with symptomatic endodontic infections in a Chinese population. Int. Endod. J. 2016, 49, 17–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  40. Fernandes Cdo, C.; Rechenberg, D.K.; Zehnder, M.; Belibasakis, G.N. Identification of Synergistetes in endodontic infections. Microb. Pathog. 2014, 73, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Tennert, C.; Fuhrmann, M.; Wittmer, A.; Karygianni, L.; Altenburger, M.J.; Pelz, K.; Hellwig, E.; Al-Ahmad, A. New bacterial composition in primary and persistent/secondary endodontic infections with respect to clinical and radiographic findings. J. Endod. 2014, 40, 670–677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  42. Chugal, N.; Wang, J.K.; Wang, R.; He, X.; Kang, M.; Li, J.; Zhou, X.; Shi, W.; Lux, R. Molecular characterization of the microbial flora residing at the apical portion of infected root canals of human teeth. J. Endod. 2011, 37, 1359–1364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  43. Ledezma-Rasillo, G.; Flores-Reyes, H.; Gonzalez-Amaro, A.M.; Garrocho-Rangel, A.; Ruiz-Rodriguez Mdel, S.; Pozos-Guillen, A.J. Identification of cultivable microorganisms from primary teeth with necrotic pulps. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent. 2010, 34, 329–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Mindere, A.; Kundzina, R.; Nikolajeva, V.; Eze, D.; Petrina, Z. Microflora of root filled teeth with apical periodontitis in Latvian patients. Stomatologija 2010, 12, 116–121. [Google Scholar]
  45. Cogulu, D.; Uzel, A.; Oncag, O.; Eronat, C. PCR-based identification of selected pathogens associated with endodontic infections in deciduous and permanent teeth. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2008, 106, 443–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Chu, F.C.; Tsang, C.S.; Chow, T.W.; Samaranayake, L.P. Identification of cultivable microorganisms from primary endodontic infections with exposed and unexposed pulp space. J. Endod. 2005, 31, 424–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Chavez de Paz, L.E.; Molander, A.; Dahlen, G. Gram-positive rods prevailing in teeth with apical periodontitis undergoing root canal treatment. Int. Endod. J. 2004, 37, 579–587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  48. Siqueira, J.F., Jr.; Rocas, I.N. Polymerase chain reaction-based analysis of microorganisms associated with failed endodontic treatment. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2004, 97, 85–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  49. Tang, G.; Samaranayake, L.P.; Yip, H.K.; Chu, F.C.; Tsang, P.C.; Cheung, B.P. Direct detection of Actinomyces spp. from infected root canals in a Chinese population: A study using PCR-based, oligonucleotide-DNA hybridization technique. J. Dent. 2003, 31, 559–568. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  50. Xia, T.; Baumgartner, J.C. Occurrence of Actinomyces in infections of endodontic origin. J. Endod. 2003, 29, 549–552. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Pinheiro, E.T.; Gomes, B.P.; Ferraz, C.C.; Teixeira, F.B.; Zaia, A.A.; Souza Filho, F.J. Evaluation of root canal microorganisms isolated from teeth with endodontic failure and their antimicrobial susceptibility. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 2003, 18, 100–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Siqueira, J.F.; Rocas, I.N.; Moraes, S.R.; Santos, K.R. Direct amplification of rRNA gene sequences for identification of selected oral pathogens in root canal infections. Int. Endod. J. 2002, 35, 345–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  53. Peters, L.B.; Wesselink, P.R.; van Winkelhoff, A.J. Combinations of bacterial species in endodontic infections. Int. Endod. J. 2002, 35, 698–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  54. Siqueira, J.F., Jr.; Rocas, I.N.; Souto, R.; de Uzeda, M.; Colombo, A.P. Actinomyces species, streptococci, and Enterococcus faecalis in primary root canal infections. J. Endod. 2002, 28, 168–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  55. Ercan, E.; Dalli, M.; Yavuz, İ.; Özekinci, T. Investigation of Microorganisms in Infected Dental Root Canals. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip. 2014, 20, 166–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Molander, A.; Reit, C.; Dahlen, G.; Kvist, T. Microbiological status of root-filled teeth with apical periodontitis. Int. Endod. J. 1998, 31, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Ruviere, D.B.; Leonardo, M.R.; da Silva, L.A.; Ito, I.Y.; Nelson-Filho, P. Assessment of the microbiota in root canals of human primary teeth by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. J. Dent. Child. 2007, 74, 118–123. [Google Scholar]
  58. Sundqvist, G. Associations between microbial species in dental root canal infections. Oral Microbiol. Immunol. 1992, 7, 257–262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  59. Brauner, A.W.; Conrads, G. Studies into the microbial spectrum of apical periodontitis. Int. Endod. J. 1995, 28, 244–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  60. Assed, S.; Ito, I.Y.; Leonardo, M.R.; Silva, L.A.; Lopatin, D.E. Anaerobic microorganisms in root canals of human teeth with chronic apical periodontitis detected by indirect immunofluorescence. Endod. Dent. Traumatol. 1996, 12, 66–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  61. Hancock, H.H.; Sigurdsson, A.; Trope, M.; Moiseiwitsch, J. Bacteria isolated after unsuccessful endodontic treatment in a North American population. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 2001, 91, 579–586. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  62. Higgins, J.P.T.; Green, S. Cochrane Collaboration. In Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions; Wiley-Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
  63. Sundqvist, G.; Johansson, E.; Sjogren, U. Prevalence of black-pigmented bacteroides species in root canal infections. J. Endod. 1989, 15, 13–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Henry, N.R.; Hinze, J.D. Broncholithiasis secondary to pulmonary actinomycosis. Respir. Care 2014, 59, e27–e30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  65. Venkatesan, N.; Perumal, G.; Doble, M. Bacterial resistance in biofilm-associated bacteria. Future Microbiol. 2015, 10, 1743–1750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  66. Dioguardi, M.; Troiano, G.; Laino, L.; Lo Russo, L.; Giannatempo, G.; Lauritano, F.; Cicciu, M.; Lo Muzio, L. ProTaper and WaveOne systems three-dimensional comparison of device parameters after the shaping technique. A micro-CT study on simulated root canals. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 2015, 8, 17830–17834. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
  67. Lubomski, M.; Dalgliesh, J.; Lee, K.; Damodaran, O.; McKew, G.; Reddel, S. Actinomyces cavernous sinus infection: A case and systematic literature review. Pr. Neurol 2018, 18, 373–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  68. Boyanova, L.; Kolarov, R.; Mateva, L.; Markovska, R.; Mitov, I. Actinomycosis: A frequently forgotten disease. Future Microbiol. 2015, 10, 613–628. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Yoo, Y.J.; Perinpanayagam, H.; Oh, S.; Kim, A.R.; Han, S.H.; Kum, K.Y. Endodontic biofilms: Contemporary and future treatment options. Restor. Dent. Endod. 2019, 44, e7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  70. Sakko, M.; Tjaderhane, L.; Rautemaa-Richardson, R. Microbiology of Root Canal Infections. Prim. Dent. J. 2016, 5, 84–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  71. Fouad, A.F. Microbiological Aspects of Traumatic Injuries. J. Endod. 2019, 45, S39–S48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Zhang, C.; Du, J.; Peng, Z. Correlation between Enterococcus faecalis and Persistent Intraradicular Infection Compared with Primary Intraradicular Infection: A Systematic Review. J. Endod. 2015, 41, 1207–1213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Manoil, D.; Al-Manei, K.; Belibasakis, G.N. A Systematic Review of the Root Canal Microbiota Associated with Apical Periodontitis: Lessons from Next-Generation Sequencing. Proteom. Clin. Appl. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Figure 1. Flow chart of the different phases of the systematic review.
Figure 1. Flow chart of the different phases of the systematic review.
Jcm 09 00457 g001aJcm 09 00457 g001b
Figure 2. Funnel plot of the evaluation of heterogeneity of tertiary outcomes.
Figure 2. Funnel plot of the evaluation of heterogeneity of tertiary outcomes.
Jcm 09 00457 g002
Figure 3. Forest plot of the random effects model of the cumulative meta-analysis of the primary outcome.
Figure 3. Forest plot of the random effects model of the cumulative meta-analysis of the primary outcome.
Jcm 09 00457 g003
Figure 4. Forest plot of the random effects model of the cumulative meta-analysis of the secondary outcome.
Figure 4. Forest plot of the random effects model of the cumulative meta-analysis of the secondary outcome.
Jcm 09 00457 g004
Figure 5. Forest plot of the random effects model of the meta-analysis of the secondary outcome (subgroups primary, secondary, and primary/secondary).
Figure 5. Forest plot of the random effects model of the meta-analysis of the secondary outcome (subgroups primary, secondary, and primary/secondary).
Jcm 09 00457 g005
Figure 6. Forest plot of the fixed effects model of the meta-analysis of the tertiary outcome.
Figure 6. Forest plot of the fixed effects model of the meta-analysis of the tertiary outcome.
Jcm 09 00457 g006
Table 1. Complete overview of the search methodology. Records identified by databases: 2240.
Table 1. Complete overview of the search methodology. Records identified by databases: 2240.
Database-ProviderKeywordsSearch DetailsNumber of RecordsNumber of Records) after Restriction by Year of Publication (Last 40 Years)Number of Remaining Articles Related to the Topic of Bacteria in Endodontic InfectionsArticles after Removing Overlapping ArticlesNumber of Articles Remaining after Applying the Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for the Secondary OutcomeNumber of Articles Included for Tertiary Outcome (Difference in the Prevalence of Bacteria of the Genus Actinomices Between Primary Endodontic Infections and Secondary Endodontic Infections)Number of Remaining Articles Pertaining to the Topic of Persistent Extraradicular InfectionsNumber of Articles Focusing on the Role of Actinomycetes a on Extraradicular Persistent Lesions Number of Articles Included for the Primary Outcome
Pub-medpersistent endodontic infections OR persistent intraradicular infection OR persistent extraradicular infection(persistent (All Fields) AND endodontic (All Fields) AND (“infection” (MeSH Terms) OR “infection” (All Fields) OR “infections” (All Fields))) OR (persistent (All Fields) AND intraradicular (All Fields) AND (infection” (MeSH Terms) OR “infection” (All Fields))) OR (persistent (All Fields) AND extraradicular (All Fields) AND (“infection” (MeSH Terms) OR “infection” (All Fields)))16015842
Pub-medActinomyces AND endodontic OR
actinomycetes AND endodontic OR
Endodontic failure
(“actinomyces” (MeSH Terms) OR “actinomyces” (All Fields)) AND endodontic (All Fields) OR (“actinobacteria” (MeSH Terms) OR “actinobacteria” (All Fields) OR “actinomycetes” (All Fields)) AND endodontic (All Fields) OR (Endodontic (All Fields) AND failure (All Fields))18701814111
Pub-med“Periapical actinomycosis”“Periapical actinomycosis” (All Fields)2611
Scopuspersistent intraradicular infectionTITLE-ABS-KEY (persistent AND intraradicular AND infection)232314
Scopuspersistent extraradicular infectionTITLE-ABS-KEY (persistent AND extravascular AND infection)181815
ScopusActinomyces AND endodonticTITLE-ABS-KEY (actinomyces AND endodontic)14313627
Total records 2240216020916546733196
Table 2. K agreement calculation, Po = 0.848 (Proportion of agreement), Pe = 0.595 (Agreement expected), K agreement = 0.625 (<0 no agreement, 0.0–0.20 slight agreement, 0.21–0.40 fair agreement, 0.41–0.60 moderate agreement, 0.61–0.80 substantial agreement, 0.81–1.00 almost perfect agreement). The K agreement was calculated from the 33 articles to include six articles with the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria for primary outcome.
Table 2. K agreement calculation, Po = 0.848 (Proportion of agreement), Pe = 0.595 (Agreement expected), K agreement = 0.625 (<0 no agreement, 0.0–0.20 slight agreement, 0.21–0.40 fair agreement, 0.41–0.60 moderate agreement, 0.61–0.80 substantial agreement, 0.81–1.00 almost perfect agreement). The K agreement was calculated from the 33 articles to include six articles with the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria for primary outcome.
Reviewer 2Reviewer 2Reviewer 2
IncludeExcludeUnsureTotal
Reviewer 1Include6006
Reviewer 1Exclude322227
Reviewer 1Unsure0000
Total922233
Table 3. The data on the prevalence of the various bacteria of the genus Actinomyces in the various studies included for the three outcomes are reported.
Table 3. The data on the prevalence of the various bacteria of the genus Actinomyces in the various studies included for the three outcomes are reported.
Author, Date, JournalActinomycesType of Tooth or Root, of Dental Treatment, or Endodontic PathologyNumber of Teeth or Channels or Periapical Tissue in Which the Presence of Actinomycetes Has Been IdentifiedTotal Number of Teeth or Channels or Periapical Tissue in Which the Presence of Actinomycetes Was InvestigatedIdentification Method of Bacterial Species
[24] Pourhajibagher et al. 2018 Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapyA. naeslundii12root canal samples12/361236culture
[25] Lysakowska et al. 2016 International endodontic journalA. naeslundii0/19primary endodontic infections1/19447culture
2/28
A. meyeri1/19secondary treatment3/28
1/28
[26] Halbauer et al. 2013 Coll AntropolA. meyeri1/23chronical apical periodontitis (n = 17 untreated teeth)17123culture
chronical apical periodontitis (n = 6 retreatments)6
[23] Signoretti et al. 2013 Journal of endodonticsA. naeslundii2/13persistent apical lesions associated with well-performed endodontic retreatment (n = 13 cyst n = 7 granuloma)20520culture
3/7
A. meyeri1/13
1/7
[27] Niazi et al. 2010 Journal of endodonticsA. gerencseriae1/2020 refractory endodontic lesions (5/9 with abscesses and 6/11 without abscesses)201120PCR
A. massiliensis1/20
A. meyeri1/20
A. radicidentis1/20
A. israelii1/20
Actinomyces sp.7/20
[28] Fujii et al. 2009 Oral microbiology and immunologyA. israelii2/16infection lesions with apical periodontitis 20 (16 without sinus tract, 5 with sinus tract)2/20220PCR
0/5
[29] Vianna et al. 2007 Oral microbiology and immunologyA. naeslundii6/24human necrotic root canals6/24624PCR
[30] Chavez de Paz et al. 2005 Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodonticsA. israelii1/100teeth with apical periodontitis4/1004100PCR
A. meyerii2/100
A. naeslundii2/100
A. odontolyticus4/100
Actinomyces spp1/100
[31] Gomes et al. 2004 Oral microbiology and immunologyActinomyces meyerii3/041 primary infection3/60360PCR
0/1919 endodontic failure
[12] Claesson et al. 2017 AnaerobeA. radicidentis16/926root canal samples17926PCR
A. haliotis1/926
[32] Rolph et al. 2001 Journal of clinical microbiologyA. naeslundii2/152/15 primary endodontic infections341culture
0/26
A. viscosus1/15
0/261/26 refractory cases of endodontic infections
A. israelii0/15
1/26
[33] Sundqvist et al. 1998 Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodonticsA. israelii3/5454 teeth with failed endodontic treatment354culture
[34] Vigil et al. 1997 Journal of endodonticsA. odontolyticus1/2828 refractory endodontic cases requiring surgical intervention128culture
[35] Sjogren et al. 1997 International endodontic journalA. naeslundii1/2020 apical periodontitis220culture
A. odontolyticus1/20
A. israelii2/20
[36] Gomes et al. 1996 J dentalA. naeslundii2/70necrotic pulp570culture
A. viscosus3/70
A. israelii4/70
A. meyeri5/70
[37] Debelian et al. 1995 Endodontics & dental traumatologyA. israelii5/2626 teeth with asymptomatic apical periodontitis526culture
A. meyeri1/26
A. naeslundii2/26
A. odontolyticus1/26
[38] Fukushima et al. 1990 Journal of endodonticsA. israelii2/2121 untreated cases421culture
A. viscosus2/21
A. meyeri1/21
A. naeslundii1/21
[39] Qi et al. 2016 Int Endod JA. naeslundii14/90primary endodontic infections1490PCR
A. israelii2/90
A. viscosus0/90
[40] Fernandes et al. 2014 Microb PathogActinomyces sppirreversible pulpitis (0–27) pulp necrotic teeth with apical periodontitis (4–33)4/601481PCR
apical periodontitis associated with a root-filled tooth (10–21)10/21
Tennert et al. 2014 [41]A. viscosus1/11primary infection2/11222PCR
0/11
A. naeslundii1/11secondary/persistent infection0/11
0/11
[42] Chugal et al. 2011 J EndodActinomyces spp.11/19primary endodontic infections11/191629PCR
5/10secondary infections5/10
[43] Ledezma-Rasillo et al. 2010 J Clin Pediatr DentA. israelii4/21primary teeth with necrotic pulps621culture
A. naeslundii2/21
[22] Zhang et al. 2010 Chin J Dent ResA. israelii (21%)persistent apical periodontitis1433PCR
A. viscosus (42%)
[44] Mindere et al. 2010 StomatologijaA. odontolyticus1/33root-filled teeth with asymptomatic persisting periapical lesions433culture
A. israelii1/33
A. viscosus2/33
[45] Cogulu et al. 2008 Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol EndodA. israeliiacute apical periodontitis (deciduous 20, permanent 22)0145PCR
chronic apical periodontitis (deciduous 35, permanent 28)
exacerbated apical periodontitis (deciduous 24, permanent 16)
[46] Chu et al. 2005 J EndodA. israelii (7%) (14%)3/45primary endodontic infections with exposed 45;
primary endodontic infections with unexposed 43
1488culture
6/43
A. meyeri (13%) (19%)6/45
8/43
A. odontolyticus (11%) (19%)5/45
8/43
[47] Chavez de Paz et al. 2004 Int Endod JA. israelli2/23apical periodontitis23139PCR
A. meyeri7/23
A. naeslundii3/23
A. odontolyticus6/23
A. radicidentis0/23
A. viscosus0/23
Actinomyces spp.1/23
[48] Siqueira et al. 2004 Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol EndodA. israelii0/22root-filled teeth with persistent periradicular lesions122PCR
A. radicidentis1/22
[21] Hirshberg et al. 2003 Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol EndodActinomyces spppersistent periapical lesions17963histology
[49] Tang et al. 2003 J Dentodontolyticus (31.3%)10/32primary root canal infections1632PCR
A. meyeri (9.4%)3/32
A. naeslundii (9.4%)3/32
A. israelii (6.3%)2/32
A. gerencseriae (3.1%)1/32
[50] Xia et al. 2003 J EndodA. israelii (23.7%)31/129primary root canal infections (41/51)72129PCR
A. naeslundii (8.5%)11/129abscesses (22/48)
A. viscosus (32.1%)41/129cellulitis (9/31)
[51] Pinheiro et al. 2003 Oral Microbiol ImmunolA. naeslundii2/30teeth with endodontic failure430PCR
A. odontolyticus1/30
A. viscosus1/30
[52] Siqueira et al. 2002 Int Endod JA. israeliiroot canal infections, necrotic pulps240PCR
[53] Peters et al. 2002 Int Endod JActinomyces spp.3/58primary endodontic infections1158culture
A. odontolyticus11/58
A. meyeri6/58
[20] Sunde et al. 2002 J EndodA. israelii6/36periapical lesions refractory to endodontic therapy936culture
A. meyeri3/36
A. viscosus7/36
Actinomyces species1/36
A. naeslundii5/36
[54] Siqueira et al. 2002 J EndodA. gerencseriae4/53primary root;
canal infections
753PCR
A. israelli2/53
A. naeslundii0/53
A. odontolyticus1/53
[55] Ercan et al. 2006 Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq.A. odontolyticus4/6161 had necrotic pulp tissues (primary infection)6/6114100culture
4/39
A. meyeri2/61
0/3939 had a history failed endodontic treatment (secondary infection)8/39
A. naeslundii0/61
4/39
[56] Molander et al. 1998 Int Endod JActinomyces spp.100 root-filled teeth with radiographically verified apical periodontitis (n = 2)2120culture
20 root-filled teeth without signs of apical periodontitis
[57] Ruviere et al. 2008 J Dent Child (Chic)A. viscosus0/5555 root canals of primary teeth with irreversible pulpitis16106PCR
0/51
A. naeslundii genospecies 10/55
2/51
A. odontolyticus3/55
10/5151 root canals of primary teeth with necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis
A. israelii0/55
10/51
A. gerencseriae2/55
10/51
[58] Sundqvist et al. 1992 Oral Microbiol ImmunolActinomyces sp., ‘11/65nonvital teeth with periapical lesions765culture
A. israelii7/65
A. meyeri1/65
A. naeslundii3/65
A. odonlotyticus1/65
A. viscosus1/65
[59] Brauner and Conrads 1995 Int Endod JActiuomyccs spp.5/1919 root canal (n = 6)843culture PCR
2/24
A. israelii1/1924 periapical granuloma (n = 2)
0/24
[60] Assed et al. 1996 Endod Dent TraumatolA. viscosiischronic apical periodontitis1425immunofluorescence
[61] Hancock et al. 2001 Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol EndodActinomyces spp.chronic apical periodontitis in teeth with endodontic failure954culture
[19] Esteves et al. 2017 Braz Dent JActinomycespersistent periapical lesions (cysts, granulomas or abscess)7218histology
[18] Persoon et al. 2017 Clin Oral InvestigActinomycesapical periodontitis and refrained from endodontic treatment223PCR
[63] Sundqvist et al. 1989 J EndodA. israelii1/72necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis572culture
A. meyerii2/72
A. viscosus1/72
A. odontolyticus1/72
Table 4. Tertiary outcome (difference in the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces between primary endodontic infections and secondary endodontic infections).
Table 4. Tertiary outcome (difference in the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Actinomyces between primary endodontic infections and secondary endodontic infections).
Author, Date, JournalSpeciesPrimary Endodontic InfectionsSecondary/Persistent Infection
eventtotaleventtotal
[42] Chugal et al. 2011 J EndodActinomyces spp.1119510
tot1119510
[55] Ercan et al. 2006 Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq.A. odontolyticus461439
A. naeslundii061439
A. meyeri261039
tot661839
[41] Tennert et al. 2014 J EndodA. viscosus111011
A. naeslundii111011
tot211011
[40] Fernandes et al. 2014 Microb PathogActinomyces spp.4601021
tot4601021
[32] Rolph et al. 2001 Journal of clinical microbiologyA. naeslundii215026
A. israelii015126
A. viscosus115026
tot215126
[31] Gomes et al. 2004 Oral microbiology and immunologyActinomyces meyerii341019
tot341019
[25] Lysakowska et al. 2016 International endodontic journalA. naeslundii019228
A. meyeri119128
tot119328
Table 5. Assessment of risk of bias within the studies (Newcastle–Ottawa scale) with scores 7 to 12 = low quality, 13 to 20 = intermediate quality, and 21 to 24 = high quality.
Table 5. Assessment of risk of bias within the studies (Newcastle–Ottawa scale) with scores 7 to 12 = low quality, 13 to 20 = intermediate quality, and 21 to 24 = high quality.
Selection Comparability Exposure Score
ReferenceDefinition of CasesRepresentativeness of CasesSelection of Controls Definition of ControlsComparability of Cases and Controls on the Basis of the Design or AnalysisAscertainment of ExposureSame Method of Ascertainment for Cases and ControlsNon-Response Rate
[24] Pourhajibagher et al. 2018 Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy3300033012
[12] Claesson et al. 2017 Anaerobe2300033011
[19] Esteves et al. 2017 Braz Dent J330030009
[18] Persoon et al. 2017 Clin Oral Investig3300131011
[25] Lysakowska et al. 2016 International endodontic journal3333223019
[39] Qi et al. 2016 Int Endod J3300033012
[40] Fernandes et al. 2014 Microb Pathog3323233019
[41] Tennert et al. 2014 Journal of endodontics2332233018
[26] Halbauer et al. 2013 Coll Antropol1331233016
[23] Signoretti et al. 2013 Journal of endodontics2122233015
[42] Chugal et al. 2011 Journal of endodontics2212233015
[22] Zhang et al. 2010 Chin J Dent Res2222222014
[43] Ledezma-Rasillo et al. 2010 The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry3122223015
[44] Mindere et al. 2010 Stomatologija220002208
[45] Cogulu et al. 2008 Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod3300033012
[27] Niazi et al. 2010 Journal of endodontics3133213016
[28] Fujii et al. 2009 Oral microbiology and immunology220002208
[57] Ruviere et al. 2008 J Dent Child (Chic)3322233018
[29] Vianna et al. 2007 Oral microbiology and immunology 3232223017
[55] Ercan et al. 2006 Biotechnol. & Biotechnol. Eq.3233333020
[46] Chu et al. 2005 Journal of endodontics3233323019
[30] Chavez de Paz et al. 2005 Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics 3333233020
[31] Gomes et al. 2004 Oral microbiology and immunology2223333021
[47] Chavez de Paz et al. 2004 International endodontic journal3333323020
[48] Siqueira et al. 2004 Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics310003209
[21] Hirshberg et al. 2003 Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod320002209
[49] Tang et al. 2003 J Dent3300031010
[50] Xia et al. 2003 J Endod330003009
[51] Pinheiro et al. 2003 Oral Microbiol Immunol330003009
[52] Siqueira et al. 2002 Int Endod J230003008
[53] Peters et al. 2002 Int Endod J230003008
[20] Sunde et al. 2002 Journal of endodontics2222323016
[54] Siqueira et al. 2002 J Endod3310003010
[61] Hancock et al. 2001 Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod3320003011
[32] Rolph et al. 2001 Journal of clinical microbiology3333323020
[33] Sundqvist et al. 1998 Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics2222223015
[56] Molander et al. 1998 International endodontic journal 3300023011
[34] Vigil et al. 1997 Journal of endodontics3200032010
[35] Sjogren et al. 1997 International endodontic journal2222323016
[36] Gomes et al. 1996 J dental320002209
[60] Assed et al. 1996 Endod Dent Traumatol230003008
[59] Brauner et al. 1995 International endodontic journal320002209
[37] Debelian et al. 1995 Endodontics & dental traumatology2222322015
[58] Sundqvist et al.1992 Oral microbiology and immunology 222000208
[38] Fukushima et al. 1990 Journal of endodontics212000207
[63] Sundqvist et al. 1989 Journal of endodontics3330002011

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Dioguardi, M.; Crincoli, V.; Laino, L.; Alovisi, M.; Sovereto, D.; Lo Muzio, L.; Troiano, G. Prevalence of Bacteria of Genus Actinomyces in Persistent Extraradicular Lesions—Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020457

AMA Style

Dioguardi M, Crincoli V, Laino L, Alovisi M, Sovereto D, Lo Muzio L, Troiano G. Prevalence of Bacteria of Genus Actinomyces in Persistent Extraradicular Lesions—Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(2):457. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020457

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dioguardi, Mario, Vito Crincoli, Luigi Laino, Mario Alovisi, Diego Sovereto, Lorenzo Lo Muzio, and Giuseppe Troiano. 2020. "Prevalence of Bacteria of Genus Actinomyces in Persistent Extraradicular Lesions—Systematic Review" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2: 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020457

APA Style

Dioguardi, M., Crincoli, V., Laino, L., Alovisi, M., Sovereto, D., Lo Muzio, L., & Troiano, G. (2020). Prevalence of Bacteria of Genus Actinomyces in Persistent Extraradicular Lesions—Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020457

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop