Feasibility, Safety and Effects of a One-Week, Ski-Based Exercise Intervention in Brain Tumor Patients and Their Relatives: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inclusion
2.2. Intervention
2.3. Fitness Tracker and QOL Questionnaires
- From the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Core Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ) C30 questionnaire, self-reported health and self-reported quality of life were obtained (both on a scale from 1 to 7, from worst to best). These items were first used in patients with non-resectable lung cancer, but they are recommended for all cancer patients [16].
- The World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5; in % from worst (0) to best (100)) is a commonly used questionnaire for well-being in over 30 languages all over the world. It includes five positively-phrased statements regarding quality of life in the two weeks prior to testing with a scale of five options, graded from 0 to 5 each [17]. The raw score, which was obtained by building the sum of all five values, ranges from 0 to 25, and is then multiplied by 4 for a range from 0 to 100.
- The three Allgemeine Selbstwirksamkeit Kurzskala (ASKU; Köln, German, translates to Short General Self-Efficacy Index) items (all on a scale from 1 to 5 from worst to best) were included to monitor the changes in self-efficacy expectations [18]. The scale was developed in German for any adult German-speaking population. However, it is also available in English [18].
- The HADS questionnaire (including seven items each for anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D), scaled from 0 to 3 individually from best to worst and then summed for scores from 0 to 21) is a well-known scale to grade both anxiety and depression and it has found ample use in oncologic settings [7].
- The distress thermometer is a simple one-item scale that requires patients to grade their individual level of distress from 0 to 10, from least to most distress [19].
- Finally, the participants were asked to indicate any physical problems (present/not present) from a list of 20 items, which was based on the distress thermometer problem list [20].
2.4. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Recruitment
3.2. Participants
3.3. Adverse Events
3.4. Fitness Data
3.5. Quality of Life Data
4. Discussion
4.1. Feasibility, Safety and Adverse Events
4.2. Patient Selection
4.3. Effects on Activity and Future Implications
4.4. Effects on Quality of Life
- Self-reported health and QOL, as measured by the EORTC-QLQ-C30 items [16], were both improved during the intervention. It should be noted that patients connected with each other in the setting of the intervention, as all participants (and the study team) stayed in the same lodge that they had for themselves. Friendships formed and they have led to multiple meeting among patients and their relatives since. Moreover, the program allowed for patients and their families to get out of their daily routine and enjoy the intervention days without the setbacks of everyday life. While these aspects were not directly quantified by our items, the participants spoke highly of the intervention’s social spirit.
- The WHO-5 questionnaire, a well-validated and widely-used well-being measure [17], also demonstrated strong improvements in patients and relatives, further underlining the positive effects the intervention had on QOL.
- Interestingly, the ASKU questionnaire, an item that measures subjective competence expectations [18], showed strong improvements among patients during the exercise with minimal changes among relatives. It is well-conceivable that patients gained more self-trust during their experience skiing. Based on the longitudinal quantification, this trust seems to have lasted, even after the intervention, which indicated that patients reacted well to the challenging setting of winter sports. The other two ASKU items were not directly connected to the exercise and, thus, showed little effects.
- Before the intervention, HADS-A and HADS-D were both largely in line with a previous study in brain tumor patients [38]. Both indicators decreased during the intervention with a stronger effect in the anxiety item. Meeting the challenge of alpine skiing might have contributed to a growth in self-trust and, subsequently, a decline in anxiety. Interestingly, the lower anxiety persisted longitudinally.
- While the Distress thermometer, a well-established tool [19], showed some decreases, especially among patients, during the intervention, no long-term effects were seen. In fact, distress was somewhat increased post intervention when compared to before the intervention. This was most likely due to the fact that two of the patients faced progression of their disease at the time of the first post-intervention questionnaire. This underlines that it is challenging to adequately evaluate the long-term changes of the intervention.
- Interestingly, all three items showed relatives indicating more symptoms and distress than patients on average. This is consistent with prior studies highlighting the needs of caregivers in the family: at brain tumor diagnosis, 38% of patients and 78% of caregivers exhibit strong distress [39]. On average, the distress thermometer measurements are two points higher in caregivers when compared to patients at diagnosis and at recurrence [39]. This matches perfectly with the pre-intervention distress thermometer results of our study. By comparing psychological and physical challenges, we show that, while patients suffer from problems that stem from both fields, there is a large psychological burden in physically healthy relatives. Our study contributes to a growing body of literature indicating a strong need to also focus on relatives, as they experience high distress and anxiety levels [40,41].
- To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first in the brain tumor field to investigate family caregivers along with patients in an exercise setting. We show that family caregivers also need QOL interventions and profit from interventions like ours.
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Patients (n = 9) Median (Range)/n | Relatives (n = 6) Median (Range)/n |
---|---|---|
General patient characteristics | ||
Age (years) | 47 (29–77) | 49 (39–67) |
Gender | ||
Male | 5 | 3 |
Female | 4 | 3 |
Weight (kg) | 80 (56–100) | 79 (61–90) |
Height (cm) | 176 (171–192) | 175.5 (167–185) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 (18.9–32.3) | 24.5 (20.4–28.4) |
Patient diagnosis, therapy and treatment | ||
Diagnosis | ||
Multilocular meningioma grade I | 1 | |
Oligodendroglioma grade II | 1 | |
Astrocytoma grade II | 3 | |
Astrocytoma grade III | 1 | |
Glioblastoma grade IV | 3 | |
Clinical symptoms at time of diagnosis | ||
Epileptic seizures | 2 | |
Cephalgia | 2 | |
Visual impairment | 2 | |
Speech impairment | 3 | |
Prior surgical therapy | ||
Tumor resection | 9 | |
Re-resection | 5 | |
Re-re-resection | 1 | |
Prior radiotherapy | ||
Adjuvant radiation | 7 | |
54 Gy w/o chemotherapy | 1 | |
54 Gy with temozolomide | 2 | |
59.4 Gy with temozolomide | 4 | |
No radiation | 2 | |
Prior chemotherapy | ||
Temozolomide | 6 | |
CCNU (Lomustine) | 2 | |
Procarbazine, CCNU & vincristine (PCV) | 1 | |
Tumor-treating fields | 1 | |
Photodynamic therapy * | 1 | |
Under ongoing therapy | ||
Temozolomide | 2 | |
Tumor-treating fields | 1 | |
Social status and prior exercise | ||
Marital status | ||
Married | 7 | 5 |
Single | 1 | 0 |
In a relationship | 1 | 1 |
Exercise frequency | ||
Infrequent | 3 | 2 |
Sometimes | 2 | 3 |
Often | 4 | 1 |
Prior skiing experience | ||
No prior experience | 2 | 1 |
Some experience, no proficiency | 3 | 1 |
Some proficiency | 3 | 4 |
Proficiency | 1 | 0 |
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Share and Cite
Troschel, F.M.; Ramroth, C.; Lemcke, L.; Clasing, J.; Troschel, A.S.; Dugas, M.; Stummer, W.; Wiewrodt, R.; Brandt, R.; Wiewrodt, D. Feasibility, Safety and Effects of a One-Week, Ski-Based Exercise Intervention in Brain Tumor Patients and Their Relatives: A Pilot Study. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041006
Troschel FM, Ramroth C, Lemcke L, Clasing J, Troschel AS, Dugas M, Stummer W, Wiewrodt R, Brandt R, Wiewrodt D. Feasibility, Safety and Effects of a One-Week, Ski-Based Exercise Intervention in Brain Tumor Patients and Their Relatives: A Pilot Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(4):1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041006
Chicago/Turabian StyleTroschel, Fabian M., Christian Ramroth, Lars Lemcke, Jens Clasing, Amelie S. Troschel, Martin Dugas, Walter Stummer, Rainer Wiewrodt, Ralf Brandt, and Dorothee Wiewrodt. 2020. "Feasibility, Safety and Effects of a One-Week, Ski-Based Exercise Intervention in Brain Tumor Patients and Their Relatives: A Pilot Study" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4: 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041006