Prevalence and Comorbidity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: A Large-Scale Population Study Based on Real-World Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence and Socio-Demographics of Atopic Dermatitis in Children
3.2. Comorbidity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lewis-Jones, S. Quality of life and childhood atopic dermatitis: The misery of living with childhood eczema. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2006, 60, 984–992. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sánchez-Pérez, J.; Daudén-Tello, E.; Mora, A.M.; Lara Surinyac, N. Impacto de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en población pediátrica y adulta española con dermatitis atópica. Estudio PSEDA. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013, 104, 44–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kemp, A.S. Cost of illness of atopic dermatitis in children: A societal perspective. Pharmacoeconomics 2003, 21, 105–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Asher, M.I.; Montefort, S.; Björkstén, B.; Lai, C.K.; Strachan, D.P.; Weiland, S.K.; Williams, H. Worldwide time trends in the prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in childhood: ISAAC Phases One and Three repeat multicountry cross-sectional surveys. Lancet 2006, 368, 733–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nutten, S. Atopic dermatitis: Global epidemiology and risk factors. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2015, 66, 8–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Odhiambo, J.A.; Williams, H.C.; Clayton, T.O.; Robertson, C.F.; Asher, M.I.; ISAAC Phase Three Study Group. Global variations in prevalence of eczema symptoms in children from ISAAC Phase Three. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009, 124, 1251.e23–1258.e23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bagazgoitia, L.; Gutiérrez, M.; García Blesa, C.; Hernández Martín, A.; Torrelo, A. Epidemiologic, pathogenic, clinical and diagnostic aspects of atopic dermatitis. Is it possible the prevention? Rev. Pediatr. Aten. Primaria 2009, 11, 31–47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Suárez-Varela, M.M.; García-Marcos Alvarez, L.; Kogan, M.D.; González, A.L.; Gimeno, A.M.; Ontoso, I.A.; Díaz, C.G.; Pena, A.A.; Aurrecoechea, B.D.; Monge, R.M.B.; et al. Climate and prevalence of atopic eczema in 6- to 7-year-old school children in Spain. ISAAC PhASE III. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2008, 52, 833–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rivero Gairaud, J.I. Dermatitis atópica. Rev. Médica Costa Rica y Cent. 2016, 83, 711–716. [Google Scholar]
- Rojas, A.R.; Quezada, L.A. Relación entre dermatitis atópica y alergia alimentaria. Rev. Chil. Pediatría 2013, 84, 438–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pérez-Cotapos, S.M.L.; Zegpi, T.M.S.; Santa María, M.L.S. De Dermatitis atópica. Rev. Médica Clínica Las Condes 2011, 22, 197–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sociedad Mexicana de Alergia e Inmunología Pediátrica, I.L.; Mendoza Hernández, D.; López Pérez, G.T.; Carmona Barrón, M. Dermatitis atópica y comorbilidades en el paciente pediátrico. Alergia Asma e Inmunol. Pediátricas 2018, 27, 71–78. [Google Scholar]
- Chen, J.J.; Applebaum, D.S.; Sun, G.S.; Pflugfelder, S.C. Atopic keratoconjunctivitis: A review. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2014, 70, 569–575. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shalom, G.; Dreiher, J.; Kridin, K.; Horev, A.; Khoury, R.; Battat, E.; Freud, T.; Comaneshter, D.; Cohen, A.D. Atopic dermatitis and the metabolic syndrome: A cross-sectional study of 116 816 patients. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2019, 33, 1762–1767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paller, A.; Jaworski, J.C.; Simpson, E.L.; Boguniewicz, M.; Russell, J.J.; Block, J.K.; Tofte, S.; Dunn, J.D.; Feldman, S.R.; Clark, A.R.; et al. Major Comorbidities of Atopic Dermatitis: Beyond Allergic Disorders. Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 2018, 19, 821–838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ali, Z.; Suppli Ulrik, C.; Agner, T.; Thomsen, S.F. Is atopic dermatitis associated with obesity? A systematic review of observational studies. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2018, 32, 1246–1255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prados-Torres, A.; Poblador-Plou, B.; Gimeno-Miguel, A.; Calderón-Larrañaga, A.; Poncel-Falcó, A.; Gimeno-Feliú, L.A.; González-Rubio, F.; Laguna-Berna, C.; Marta-Moreno, J.; Clerencia-Sierra, M.; et al. Cohort Profile: The Epidemiology of Chronic Diseases and Multimorbidity. The EpiChron Cohort Study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2018, 47, 382–384f. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Johns Hopkins ACG® System. Available online: https://www.hopkinsacg.org/ (accessed on 8 August 2017).
- Eichenfield, L.F.; Tom, W.L.; Chamlin, S.L.; Feldman, S.R.; Hanifin, J.M.; Simpson, E.L.; Berger, T.G.; Bergman, J.N.; Cohen, D.E.; Cooper, K.D.; et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: Section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis Work Group. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2014, 70, 338–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Compés Dea, M.L.; Olivan Bellido, E.; Feja Solana, C.; Aguilar Palacio, I.; García-Carpintero Romero del Hombrebueno, G.; Adiego Sancho, B. Construction of a deprivation index by Basic Healthcare Area in Aragon using Population and Housing Census 2011. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica 2018, 92, 1–17. [Google Scholar]
- Salisbury, C.; Johnson, L.; Purdy, S.; Valderas, J.M.; Montgomery, A.A. Epidemiology and impact of multimorbidity in primary care: A retrospective cohort study. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 2011, 61, e12–e21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martorell Aragonés, A.; Félix Toledo, R.; Martorell Calatayud, A.; Cerdá Mir, J.C. Epidemiologic, clinical and socioeconomic factors of atopic dermatitis in Spain: Alergológica-2005. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. 2009, 19 (Suppl. 2), 27–33. [Google Scholar]
- Pomavilla Duy, M.C.; Torres Gutama, L.C. Prevalencia de Dermatitis Atópica y el Estudio de Sus Comorbilidades en Pacientes de 3 Meses a 16 Años de Consulta Externa de Dermatología del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso; Universidad de Cuenca: Cuenca, Spain, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Stefanovic, N.; Flohr, C.; Irvine, A.D. The exposome in atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mei-Yen Yong, A.; Tay, Y.K. Atopic Dermatitis: Racial and Ethnic Differences. Dermatol. Clin. 2017, 35, 395–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mercer, M.J.; Joubert, G.; Ehrlich, R.I.; Nelson, H.; Poyser, M.A.; Puterman, A.; Weinberg, E.G. Socioeconomic status and prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic eczema symptoms in young adolescents. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2004, 15, 234–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peroni, D.G.; Piacentini, G.L.; Bodini, A.; Rigotti, E.; Pigozzi, R.; Boner, A.L. Prevalence and risk factors for atopic dermatitis in preschool children. Br. J. Dermatol. 2008, 158, 539–543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silverberg, J.I.; Simpson, E.L. Association between severe eczema in children and multiple comorbid conditions and increased healthcare utilization. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2013, 24, 476–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spergel, J.M.; Paller, A.S. Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2003, 112, S118–S127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garg, N.; Silverberg, J.I. Association between childhood allergic disease, psychological comorbidity, and injury requiring medical attention. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014, 112, 525–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yaghmaie, P.; Koudelka, C.W.; Simpson, E.L. Mental health comorbidity in patients with atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2013, 131, 428–433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Augustin, M.; Radtke, M.A.; Glaeske, G.; Reich, K.; Christophers, E.; Schaefer, I.; Jacobi, A. Epidemiology and Comorbidity in Children with Psoriasis and Atopic Eczema. Dermatology 2015, 231, 35–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schmitt, J.; Apfelbacher, C.; Chen, C.-M.; Romanos, M.; Sausenthaler, S.; Koletzko, S.; Bauer, C.-P.; Hoffmann, U.; Krämer, U.; Berdel, D.; et al. Infant-onset eczema in relation to mental health problems at age 10 years: Results from a prospective birth cohort study (German Infant Nutrition Intervention plus). J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2010, 125, 404–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rønnstad, A.T.M.; Halling-Overgaard, A.S.; Hamann, C.R.; Skov, L.; Egeberg, A.; Thyssen, J.P. Association of atopic dermatitis with depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation in children and adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2018, 79, 448.e30–456.e30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Reuveni, H.; Chapnick, G.; Tal, A.; Tarasiuk, A. Sleep fragmentation in children with atopic dermatitis. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 1999, 153, 249–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Yokomaku, A.; Misao, K.; Omoto, F.; Yamagishi, R.; Tanaka, K.; Takada, K.; Kohyama, J. A study of the association between sleep habits and problematic behaviors in preschool children. Chronobiol. Int. 2008, 25, 549–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hiscock, H.; Canterford, L.; Ukoumunne, O.C.; Wake, M. Adverse associations of sleep problems in Australian preschoolers: National population study. Pediatrics 2007, 119, 86–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Camfferman, D.; Kennedy, J.D.; Gold, M.; Martin, A.J.; Winwood, P.; Lushington, K. Eczema, sleep, and behavior in children. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2010, 6, 581–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Catal, F.; Topal, E.; Soylu, N.; Ozel Ozcan, O.; Celiksoy, M.H.; Babayiğit, A.; Karakoç, H.T.E.; Erge, D.; Sancak, R. Psychiatric disorders and symptoms severity in preschool children with atopic eczema. Allergol. Immunopathol. 2016, 44, 120–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pols, D.H.J.; Bohnen, A.M.; Nielen, M.M.J.; Korevaar, J.C.; Bindels, P.J.E. Risks for comorbidity in children with atopic disorders: An observational study in Dutch general practices. BMJ Open 2017, 7, e018091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsai, J.-D.; Wang, I.-C.; Shen, T.-C.; Lin, C.-L.; Wei, C.-C. A 8-year population-based cohort study of irritable bowel syndrome in childhood with history of atopic dermatitis. J. Investig. Med. 2018, 66, 755–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaya İslamoğlu, Z.G.; Unal, M.; Küçük, A. Atopic Dermatitis in Adults and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Cross-sectional Study. Indian J. Dermatol. 2019, 64, 355–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silverberg, J.I. Selected comorbidities of atopic dermatitis: Atopy, neuropsychiatric, and musculoskeletal disorders. Clin. Dermatol. 2017, 35, 360–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baïz, N.; Dargent-Molina, P.; Wark, J.D.; Souberbielle, J.C.; Annesi-Maesano, I. Cord serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of early childhood transient wheezing and atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2014, 133, 147–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Silverberg, J.I.; Silverberg, N.B. Childhood atopic dermatitis and warts are associated with increased risk of infection: A US population-based study. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2014, 133, 1041–1047. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Narla, S.; Silverberg, J.I. Association between atopic dermatitis and autoimmune disorders in US adults and children: A cross-sectional study. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2019, 80, 382–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wohlmuth-Wieser, I.; Osei, J.S.; Norris, D.; Price, V.; Hordinsky, M.K.; Christiano, A.; Duvic, M. Childhood alopecia areata-Data from the National Alopecia Areata Registry. Pediatr. Dermatol. 2018, 35, 164–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agón-Banzo, P.J.; Sanmartin, R.; García-Malinis, A.J.; Hernández-Martín, Á.; Puzo, J.; Doste, D.; Pardos, C.; Gilaberte, Y. Body mass index and serum lipid profile: Association with atopic dermatitis in a paediatric population. Australas. J. Dermatol. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silverberg, J.I.; Gelfand, J.M.; Margolis, D.J.; Boguniewicz, M.; Fonacier, L.; Grayson, M.H.; Simpson, E.L.; Ong, P.Y.; Chiesa Fuxench, Z.C. Association of atopic dermatitis with allergic, autoimmune, and cardiovascular comorbidities in US adults. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018, 121, 604.e3–612.e3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kappelman, M.D.; Galanko, J.A.; Porter, C.Q.; Sandler, R.S. Association of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease with other immune-mediated diseases. Arch. Dis. Child. 2011, 96, 1042–1046. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paternoster, L.; Standl, M.; Waage, J.; Baurecht, H.; Hotze, M.; Strachan, D.P.; Curtin, J.A.; Bønnelykke, K.; Tian, C.; Takahashi, A.; et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of 21,000 cases and 95,000 controls identifies new risk loci for atopic dermatitis. Nat. Genet. 2015, 47, 1449–1456. [Google Scholar]
Boys (n = 110,934) | Girls (n = 105,357) | Total (n = 216,291) | |
---|---|---|---|
AD Prevalence | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
Sex | 16,968 (15.3) | 16,623 (15.8) | 33,591 (15.5) |
Age (years) | |||
0–2 | 2110 (12.5) | 1704 (10.7) | 3814 (11.7) |
3–9 | 9320 (20.5) | 9230 (21.1) | 18,550 (20.8) |
10–14 | 4225 (13.7) | 4358 (14.8) | 8583 (14.2) |
15–17 | 1313 (7.42) | 1331 (8.19) | 2644 (7.79) |
Nationality | |||
Spain | 15,184 (16.1) | 14,863 (16.6) | 30,047 (16.3) |
Eastern Europe | 685 (10.0) | 714 (10.8) | 1399 (10.4) |
Asia | 150 (13.0) | 145 (13.6) | 295 (13.3) |
North Africa | 459 (11.6) | 423 (11.4) | 882 (11.5) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 201 (13.3) | 197 (14.9) | 398 (14.1) |
Latin America | 232 (10.2) | 223 (9.98) | 455 (10.1) |
EU and North America | 52 (8.54) | 54 (8.72) | 106 (8.63) |
Area of residence 1 | |||
Urban | 10,297 (15.5) | 10,321 (16.2) | 20,496 (15.7) |
Rural | 6671 (15.0) | 6302 (15.2) | 13,095 (15.2) |
Deprivation index 2 | |||
Q1 | 5259 (16.4) | 5026 (16.4) | 10,285 (16.4) |
Q2 | 4085 (15.3) | 4112 (16.0) | 8197 (15.7) |
Q3 | 3356 (15.4) | 3316 (16.2) | 6672 (15.8) |
Q4 | 4268 (14.0) | 4169 (14.6) | 8437 (14.3) |
Variable | Crude OR 1 | p-Value 2 | Adjusted OR 3 | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Boys | Reference | |||
Girls | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) | 0.002 | ||
Age (years) | ||||
0–2 | Reference | |||
3–9 | 1.98 (1.91–2.06) | <0.001 | ||
10–14 | 1.26 (1.21–1.31) | <0.001 | ||
15–17 | 0.64 (0.61–0.67) | <0.001 | ||
Nationality | ||||
Spain | Reference | Reference | ||
Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.84 (0.76–0.94) | 0.001 | 0.79 (0.71–0.88) | <0.001 |
Asia | 0.78 (0.69–0.89) | <0.001 | 0.76 (0.67–0.86) | <0.001 |
Eastern Europe | 0.59 (0.56–0.63) | <0.001 | 0.59 (0.56–0.62) | <0.001 |
Latin America | 0.57 (0.52–0.63) | <0.001 | 0.61 (0.55–0.67) | <0.001 |
North Africa | 0.67 (0.62–0.72) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.58–0.67) | <0.001 |
EU and North America | 0.48 (0.40–0.59) | <0.001 | 0.51 (0.41–0.62) | <0.001 |
Area of residence | ||||
Urban | Reference | Reference | ||
Rural | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | <0.001 |
Deprivation index 4 | ||||
Q1 | Reference | Reference | ||
Q2 | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.001 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.081 |
Q3 | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | 0.008 | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.099 |
Q4 | 0.85 (0.82–0.88) | <0.001 | 0.86 (0.84–0.89) | <0.001 |
Characteristics | Boys | Girls | Total |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 16,968 (50.5) | 16,623 (49.5) | 33,591 (100) |
Mean age, years (SD 1) | 7.61 (4.29) | 7.83 (4.24) | 7.72 (4.26) |
Age group, years (n, %) | |||
0–2 | 2110 (12.4) | 1704 (10.2) | 3814 (11.3) |
3–9 | 9320 (54.9) | 9230 (55.5) | 18,550 (55.2) |
10–14 | 4225 (24.9) | 4358 (26.2) | 8583 (25.6) |
15–17 | 1313 (7.74) | 1331 (8.01) | 2644 (7.87) |
Nationality (n, %) | |||
Spain | 15,184 (89.5) | 14,863 (89.4) | 30,047 (89.5) |
Eastern Europe | 685 (4.04) | 714 (4.30) | 1399 (4.17) |
Asia | 150 (0.88) | 145 (0.87) | 295 (0.88) |
North Africa | 459 (2.71) | 423 (2.55) | 882 (2.63) |
Sub-Saharan Africa | 201 (1.18) | 197 (1.19) | 398 (1.19) |
Latin America | 232 (1.37) | 223 (1.34) | 455 (1.35) |
EU and North America | 52 (0.31) | 54 (0.32) | 106 (0.32) |
Area of residence | |||
Urban 2 (n, %) | 10,297 (60.7) | 10,321 (62.1) | 20,618 (61.4) |
Deprivation index 3 (n, %) | |||
Q1 | 5259 (31.0) | 5026 (30.2) | 10,285 (30.6) |
Q2 | 4085 (24.1) | 4112 (24.7) | 8197 (24.4) |
Q3 | 3356 (19.8) | 3316 (19.9) | 6672 (19.9) |
Q4 | 4268 (25.1) | 4169 (25.1) | 8437 (25.1) |
Number of chronic diseases (mean, SD) | 1.67 (0.91) | 1.58 (0.85) | 1.62 (0.88) |
Multimorbidity 4, yes (n, %) | 7773 (45.8) | 6794 (40.9) | (43.4) |
EDC 1 | Comorbidity | Prevalence 2 | Crude OR 3 | Adjusted OR 5 | p-Value 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n, %) | (95% CI 4) | (95% CI) | |||
EAR11 | Acute upper respiratory tract infection | 18,256 (54.4) | 1.52 (1.48–1.55) | 1.42 (1.39–1.46) | 0.0000 |
ALL04/05 | Asthma | 4384 (13.05) | 1.94 (1.87–2.01) | 2.10 (2.02–2.17) | 0.0000 |
EAR01 | Otitis media | 4287 (12.8) | 1.52 (1.47–1.58) | 1.45 (1.40–1.51) | 0.0000 |
EYE07 | Conjunctivitis, keratitis | 3388 (10.1) | 1.45 (1.39–1.51) | 1.39 (1.33–1.44) | 0.0000 |
EAR09 | Pharyngitis and tonsillitis | 2662 (7.92) | 1.67 (1.60–1.75) | 1.74 (1.67–1.83) | 0.0000 |
PSY14 | Psychosocial disorders of childhood | 2640 (7.86) | 1.34 (1.28–1.40) | 1.53 (1.46–1.60) | 0.0000 |
EYE02 | Visual impairment | 2621 (7.80) | 1.24 (1.19–1.30) | 1.48 (1.42–1.55) | 0.0000 |
ALL03 | Allergic rhinitis | 2386 (7.10) | 1.50 (1.43–1.57) | 2.00 (1.91–2.10) | 0.0000 |
MUS11 | Congenital anomalies of limbs | 1952 (5.81) | 1.53 (1.46–1.61) | 1.53 (1.45–1.61) | 0.0000 |
EAR06 | Otitis externa | 1197 (3.56) | 1.49 (1.39–1.59) | 1.47 (1.37–1.56) | 0.0000 |
NUR19 | Developmental disorder | 1080 (3.22) | 1.36 (1.27–1.45) | 1.36 (1.27–1.45) | 0.0000 |
SKN04 | Acne | 940 (2.80) | 0.74 (0.70–0.80) | 1.18 (1.10–1.27) | 0.0000 |
MUS06 | Kyphoscoliosis | 816 (2.43) | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 1.32 (1.22–1.42) | 0.0000 |
SKN13 | Disease of hair and hair follicles | 684 (2.04) | 1.31 (1.21–1.43) | 1.51 (1.38–1.64) | 0.0000 |
END05 | Other endocrine disorders | 671 (2.00) | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) | 1.21 (1.12–1.32) | 0.0000 |
EAR08 | Deafness, hearing loss | 652 (1.94) | 1.41 (1.29–1.54) | 1.52 (1.39–1.66) | 0.0000 |
PSY19 | Sleep disorders, nonorganic origin | 519 (1.55) | 1.76 (1.59–1.94) | 1.72 (1.55–1.90) | 0.0000 |
PSY05 | Attention deficit disorder | 484 (1.44) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 1.37 (1.24–1.52) | 0.0000 |
CAR11 | Disorders of lipid metabolism | 422 (1.26) | 1.21 (1.09–1.34) | 1.46 (1.32–1.63) | 0.0000 |
EAR10 | Epistaxis | 331 (0.99) | 1.56 (1.38–1.76) | 1.57 (1.39–1.78) | 0.0000 |
MUS03 | Degenerative joint disease | 238 (0.71) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 1.42 (1.24–1.64) | 0.0000 |
GAS09 | Irritable bowel syndrome | 132 (0.39) | 1.83 (1.51–2.24) | 1.90 (1.56–2.31) | 0.0000 |
SKN12 | Psoriasis | 102 (0.30) | 1.24 (1.00–1.54) | 1.62 (1.30–2.02) | 0.0000 |
RES04 | COPD 7 | 66 (0.20) | 1.72 (1.30–2.27) | 1.76 (1.33–2.32) | 0.0001 |
NUT03 | Obesity | 566 (1.68) | 0.91 (0.84–1.00) | 1.18 (1.07–1.29) | 0.0005 |
MUS14 | Lower back pain | 141 (0.42) | 0.91 (0.76–1.08) | 1.38 (1.15–1.65) | 0.0006 |
HEM08 | Hematologic disorders, other | 118 (0.35) | 1.39 (1.14–1.71) | 1.40 (1.14–1.71) | 0.0012 |
CAR04 | Congenital heart disease | 250 (0.74) | 1.31 (1.14–1.50) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) | 0.0017 |
END04 | Hypothyroidism | 167 (0.50) | 1.02 (0.86–1.20) | 1.28 (1.08–1.52) | 0.0036 |
PSY15 | Eating disorder | 79 (0.24) | 1.13 (0.88–1.43) | 1.43 (1.12–1.83) | 0.0041 |
PSY16 | Impulse control | 47 (0.14) | 1.22 (0.89–1.68) | 1.56 (1.13–2.15) | 0.0066 |
CAR06 | Cardiac valve disorders | 44 (0.13) | 1.48 (1.06–2.06) | 1.57 (1.12–2.20) | 0.0083 |
RES11 | Respiratory disorders, other | 118 (0.35) | 1.37 (1.12–1.68) | 1.31 (1.07–1.61) | 0.0087 |
GSU06 | Chronic cystic disease of the breast | 7 (0.02) | 1.36 (0.59–3.11) | 2.61 (1.13–6.06) | 0.0253 |
PSY17 | Psycho-physiological and somatoform disorders | 42 (0.13) | 1.28 (0.92–1.80) | 1.47 (1.05–2.07) | 0.0255 |
GAS02 | Inflammatory bowel disease | 13 (0.04) | 1.31 (0.71–2.40) | 1.86 (1.01–3.45) | 0.0473 |
CAR05 | Congestive heart failure | 25 (0.07) | 1.40 (0.90–2.18) | 1.56 (1.00–2.43) | 0.0496 |
CAR09 | Cardiac arrhythmia | 69 (0.21) | 1.20 (0.92–1.55) | 1.29 (0.99–1.67) | 0.0599 |
GUR10 | Prostatitis | 14 (0.04) | 1.77 (0.97–3.24) | 1.77 (0.97–3.25) | 0.0635 |
GTC01 | Chromosomal anomalies | 79 (0.24) | 1.23 (0.96–1.57) | 1.25 (0.98–1.60) | 0.0729 |
MAL03 | High impact malignant neoplasms | 93 (0.28) | 1.03 (0.82–1.28) | 1.22 (0.98–1.53) | 0.0805 |
EYE13 | Diabetic retinopathy | 16 (0.05) | 1.67 (0.96–2.93) | 1.64 (0.93–2.87) | 0.0849 |
END06–09 | Diabetes | 81 (0.24) | 1.09 (0.85–1.38) | 1.23 (0.97–1.56) | 0.0923 |
GSU08 | Varicose veins of lower extremities | 17 (0.05) | 1.13 (0.67–1.90) | 1.55 (0.91–2.63) | 0.1053 |
NUR21 | Neurologic disorders, other | 200 (0.60) | 1.12 (0.96–1.31) | 1.13 (0.97–1.32) | 0.1114 |
GUR03 | Hypospadias, penile anomalies | 106 (0.32) | 1.23 (1.00–1.52) | 1.19 (0.96–1.47) | 0.1116 |
MAL12 | Malignant neoplasms, colorectal | 1 (0.00) | 0.21 (0.03–1.54) | 0.21 (0.03–1.55) | 0.1258 |
END02 | Osteoporosis | 5 (0.01) | 1.60 (0.59–4.34) | 2.15 (0.78–5.92) | 0.1387 |
HEM01 | Hemolytic anemia | 86 (0.26) | 1.09 (0.87–1.38) | 1.19 (0.94–1.50) | 0.1515 |
REN04 | Nephritis, nephrosis | 36 (0.11) | 1.18 (0.82–1.69) | 1.29 (0.90–1.85) | 0.1698 |
CAR14/15 | Hypertension | 37 (0.11) | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 1.28 (0.90–1.82) | 0.1770 |
MAL01 | Malignant neoplasms of skin | 8 (0.02) | 1.40 (0.65–3.05) | 1.69 (0.77–3.70) | 0.1927 |
NUR08 | Multiple sclerosis | 5 (0.01) | 1.81 (0.66–4.99) | 1.95 (0.70–5.40) | 0.1995 |
GAS08 | Gastroesophageal reflux | 7 (0.02) | 0.62 (0.29–1.36) | 0.60 (0.28–1.32) | 0.2046 |
RHU03 | Arthropathy | 7 (0.02) | 1.81 (0.77–4.27) | 1.72 (0.73–4.04) | 0.2157 |
INF04 | HIV infection, AIDS | 19 (0.06) | 1.40 (0.84–2.31) | 1.37 (0.83–2.27) | 0.2190 |
HEM03 | Thrombophlebitis | 7 (0.02) | 0.56 (0.26–1.22) | 0.62 (0.28–1.36) | 0.2332 |
RES06 | Sleep apnea | 12 (0.04) | 1.48 (0.78–2.81) | 1.43 (0.75–2.71) | 0.2731 |
PSY08 | Personality disorders | 41 (0.12) | 0.80 (0.58–1.12) | 1.16 (0.84–1.62) | 0.3687 |
GSU11 | Peripheral vascular disease | 7 (0.02) | 1.12 (0.50–2.53) | 1.44 (0.63–3.28) | 0.3872 |
ALL06 | Disorders of the immune system | 34 (0.10) | 1.12 (0.77–1.62) | 1.15 (0.79–1.67) | 0.4602 |
CAR03 | Ischemic heart disease (excluding AMI 8) | 17 (0.05) | 0.86 (0.52–1.44) | 0.83 (0.50–1.39) | 0.4847 |
REC03 | Chronic ulcer of the skin | 10 (0.03) | 0.73 (0.38–1.42) | 0.79 (0.41–1.54) | 0.4899 |
NUR07 | Seizure disorder | 222 (0.66) | 1.01 (0.87–1.16) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 0.5276 |
GTC02 | Inherited metabolic disorders | 5 (0.01) | 0.80 (0.31–2.05) | 0.76 (0.30–1.95) | 0.5685 |
HEM02 | Iron deficiency anemia | 253 (0.75) | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 0.5794 |
REN05 | Renal disorders, other | 26 (0.08) | 1.02 (0.67–1.56) | 1.13 (0.74–1.72) | 0.5819 |
PSY07 | Schizophrenia, affective psychosis | 51 (0.15) | 0.99 (0.74–1.34) | 1.09 (0.81–1.47) | 0.5829 |
PSY02 | Substance use | 35 (0.10) | 0.71 (0.50–1.01) | 1.09 (0.76–1.56) | 0.6293 |
HEM07 | Hemophilia, coagulation disorder | 6 (0.02) | 1.21 (0.50–2.93) | 1.20 (0.49–2.91) | 0.6909 |
NUR03 | Peripheral neuropathy, neuritis | 43 (0.13) | 0.90 (0.65–1.25) | 0.94 (0.68–1.30) | 0.7011 |
EYE06 | Cataract, aphakia | 9 (0.03) | 0.83 (0.41–1.67) | 0.87 (0.43–1.77) | 0.7051 |
NUR16 | Spinal cord injury/disorders | 11 (0.03) | 0.92 (0.49–1.74) | 0.89 (0.47–1.68) | 0.7091 |
MAL16 | Acute leukemia | 8 (0.02) | 0.78 (0.37–1.63) | 0.88 (0.42–1.86) | 0.7403 |
PSY09 | Depression | 44 (0.13) | 0.67 (0.49–0.92) | 1.05 (0.76–1.44) | 0.7751 |
CAR16 | Cardiovascular disorders, other | 79 (0.24) | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 1.04 (0.81–1.32) | 0.7795 |
GUR09 | Renal calculi | 14 (0.04) | 1.02 (0.57–1.80) | 1.08 (0.61–1.93) | 0.7817 |
ADM02 | Surgical aftercare | 25 (0.07) | 0.99 (0.64–1.51) | 1.06 (0.69–1.63) | 0.7922 |
NUR05 | Cerebrovascular disease | 22 (0.07) | 1.04 (0.66–1.64) | 1.04 (0.66–1.64) | 0.8678 |
GUR01 | Vesicoureteral reflux | 6 (0.02) | 0.99 (0.41–2.36) | 1.07 (0.45–2.58) | 0.8768 |
INF01 | Tuberculosis infection | 79 (0.24) | 0.88 (0.69–1.11) | 1.01 (0.80–1.29) | 0.9155 |
PSY01 | Anxiety, neuroses | 72 (0.21) | 0.69 (0.54–0.89) | 1.00 (0.78–1.28) | 0.9718 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Gilaberte, Y.; Pérez-Gilaberte, J.B.; Poblador-Plou, B.; Bliek-Bueno, K.; Gimeno-Miguel, A.; Prados-Torres, A. Prevalence and Comorbidity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: A Large-Scale Population Study Based on Real-World Data. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061632
Gilaberte Y, Pérez-Gilaberte JB, Poblador-Plou B, Bliek-Bueno K, Gimeno-Miguel A, Prados-Torres A. Prevalence and Comorbidity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: A Large-Scale Population Study Based on Real-World Data. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(6):1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061632
Chicago/Turabian StyleGilaberte, Yolanda, Juan Blas Pérez-Gilaberte, Beatriz Poblador-Plou, Kevin Bliek-Bueno, Antonio Gimeno-Miguel, and Alexandra Prados-Torres. 2020. "Prevalence and Comorbidity of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: A Large-Scale Population Study Based on Real-World Data" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 6: 1632. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061632