Skin Phototype Could Be a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Serum Concentration of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D
2.3. Skin Phototype Classification
2.4. Exposure to Sun
2.5. Smoking Habit
2.6. HLA Typing
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Vitamin D and Skin Tone
3.2. Smoking Habits
3.3. HLA Typing
3.4. Multifactorial Model
3.5. Accumulative Risk Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Women% (n) | Men% (n) | p Value | Patients% (n) | Controls% (n) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D deficient | 33.0% (65) | 26.3% (26) | n.s. | 40.3% (60) | 21.1% (31) | 3.50 × 10−4 |
Light brown skin | 83.6% (163) | 83.8% (83) | n.s. | 92.6% (138) | 74.5% (108) | 2.60 × 10−5 |
Smokers | 51.0% (100) | 54.5% (54) | n.s. | 69.1% (103) | 34.9% (51) | 4.13 × 10−9 |
Smokers in Tenerife | 53.3% (32) | 56.4% (22) | n.s. | 73.5% (36) | 36.0% (18) | 1.81 × 10−4 |
Smokers in Málaga | 45.8% (33) | 64.3% (18) | n.s. | 58.0% (29) | 44.0% (22) | n.s. |
Smokers in Madrid | 54.7% (35) | 43.8% (14) | n.s. | 76.0% (38) | 23.9% (11) | 3.39 × 10−6 |
Present HLA-DRB1*15:01 | 24.1% (47) | 25.3% (25) | n.s. | 31.8% (47) | 17.1% (25) | 0.004 |
OR | IC 95% | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | |||
Skin tone (Light brown skin vs. pale skin) | 4.40 | 2.13–9.06 | 5.34 × 10−5 |
Sex (female vs. male) | 1.71 | 1.03–2.83 | 0.037 |
Model 2 | |||
Smoking habits (Smoker vs. non−smoker) | 4.39 | 2.67–7.21 | 4.96 × 10−9 |
Sex (female vs. male) | 1.85 | 1.09–3.12 | 0.023 |
Province of residence | |||
Tenerife vs. Madrid | 0.87 | 0.47–1.60 | 0.66 |
Málaga vs. Madrid | 0.88 | 0.48–1.61 | 0.68 |
Model 3 | |||
HLA−DRB1*15:01 (Presence vs. absence) | 2.30 | 1.32–4.02 | 0.003 |
Sex (female vs. male) | 1.66 | 1.01–2.74 | 0.045 |
Province of residence | |||
Tenerife vs. Madrid | 0.95 | 0.54–1.69 | 0.95 |
Málaga vs. Madrid | 0.89 | 0.50–1.59 | 0.70 |
Model 4 | |||
Skin tone (Light brown skin vs. pale skin) | 5.90 | 2.39–15.45 | 1.72 × 10−4 |
Smoking habits (Smoker vs. non−smoker) | 4.52 | 2.69–7.72 | 1.89 × 10−8 |
HLA−DRB1*15:01 (Presence vs. absence) | 2.39 | 1.30–4.50 | 0.006 |
Sex (female vs. male) | 1.88 | 1.08–3.30 | 0.025 |
OR | IC 95% | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Number of factors | |||
Light brown skin vs. 0 factor | 10.51 | 1.34–82.65 | 0.25 |
Light brown skin + Presence HLA−DRB1*15:01 vs. 0 factor | 26.33 | 3.02–229.35 | 0.003 |
Light brown skin + Smoker vs. 0 factor | 42.68 | 5.45–334.43 | 3.52 × 10−4 |
Light brown skin + Smoker + Presence HLA−DRB1*15:01 vs. 0 factor | 114.16 | 12.60–1034.12 | 2.51 × 10−5 |
Sex (female vs. male) | 1.89 | 1.06–3.37 | 0.031 |
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Urbaneja, P.; Hurtado-Guerrero, I.; Hernández, M.Á.; Oliver-Martos, B.; Oreja-Guevara, C.; Ortega-Pinazo, J.; Alonso, A.; Barón-López, F.J.; Leyva, L.; Fernández, Ó.; et al. Skin Phototype Could Be a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2384. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082384
Urbaneja P, Hurtado-Guerrero I, Hernández MÁ, Oliver-Martos B, Oreja-Guevara C, Ortega-Pinazo J, Alonso A, Barón-López FJ, Leyva L, Fernández Ó, et al. Skin Phototype Could Be a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(8):2384. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082384
Chicago/Turabian StyleUrbaneja, Patricia, Isaac Hurtado-Guerrero, Miguel Ángel Hernández, Begoña Oliver-Martos, Celia Oreja-Guevara, Jesús Ortega-Pinazo, Ana Alonso, Francisco J Barón-López, Laura Leyva, Óscar Fernández, and et al. 2020. "Skin Phototype Could Be a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 8: 2384. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9082384