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23 November 2021

Food and Consumer Attitude(s): An Overview of the Most Relevant Documents

CERNAS-IPV Research Centre, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu (IPV) and Agricultural School (ESAV), 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
Agriculture2021, 11(12), 1183;https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121183
This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Food Marketing, Economics and Policies
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Abstract

Food markets have, at least, two dimensions. One is related to supply, where food marketing, for example, plays a determinant role, namely to promote healthy and balanced consumption. The other dimension is associated with demand, where it is important to understand and bring insights about consumer attitudes, because they have implications on patterns of food consumption. In this framework, the main objective of this research is to suggest an alternative approach for conducting systematic reviews based on bibliometric analysis and implement it on topics about food and consumer attitudes. For this purpose, the most important bibliographic items (authors, sources, organizations, countries and documents) were identified and later the most relevant documents were reviewed. In addition, 908 documents were selected on 11 December 2020 from the Web of Science Core Collection, for the topics “food” and “consumer attitude*”, and analyzed through bibliometric analysis with the support of the VOSviewer and Gephi software. These documents were also benchmarked with those available in the Scopus scientific database. The approach presented here made it possible to highlight the main insights from the scientific literature related to consumer attitudes to food and bring about further contributions to a literature review supported by bibliometric analysis. This proposal may be known as MB2MBA2 (Methodology Based on Benchmarking of Metadata, from scientific databases, and Bibliometric Assessment and Analysis). This systematic review highlights that organic foods, food neophobia, climate change, marketing strategies and interrelationships between motivations–consumer attitudes–perceptions–purchase intentions–purchase decisions (MAPID) deserved special attention. In addition, MAPID interactions are impacted, among other dimensions, by labelling, branding and trust in the information provided. Future research should further address impacts on consumer attitudes towards food, such as those related to climate-smart agriculture, food 4.0, food security and protection, and climate change and malnutrition.

1. Introduction

The topic of food has several different dimensions, with not necessarily all of them being related to human consumption [1]. In any case, within the dimensions of the human lifestyle, food appears interrelated with many daily routine decisions and is interconnected with several special options. For example, every human being likes having a meal, but for foodies having meals at breakfast and dinner is a determinant factor for their well-being throughout the day and consequently for their choices [2]. In turn, jointly with water and energy, food is an important variable for a sustainable development [3].
The human relationship with food is influenced by its attitude as a consumer, after assessing for risks and benefits [4]. Here, the perception management by the several stakeholders is crucial, namely when it is intended to promote healthy attitudes. In turn, consumer perceptions about food are impacted by several factors, including consumer characteristics [5], food marketing [6], new technologies [7], the image of the food [8] and sensory attributes [9]. The consumer concerns regarding health have real implications in these relationships between perceptions and attitudes [10].
Consumer attitude is a complex phenomenon associated with multidimensional processes [11] where it is important to bring more insights about what happens upstream and downstream [12]. This phenomenon can be characterized as a feeling that a person has toward an object and is impacted by several factors, such as, for example, the brand logo [13]. Specifically, consumer attitude to food is, in fact, an important issue in human food consumption, namely in current times, where emerging concerns are for a sustainable development and healthy eating. A search in the Web of Science Core Collection [14] shows that there are no documents for the topics “food” and “consumer attitude*” and “bibliometric” and only three studies were found on the Scopus database [15] (for a basic search considering article title, abstract and keywords). The documents found in the Scopus address ethical foods [16], food label design [17] and organic food in China [18]. This highlights that there is a huge gap here in literature which should be addressed.
Considering the context described before, the main objective of this research is to highlight the principal dimensions related with food and consumer attitudes through a systematic review based on an alternative/complementary approach taking into account bibliometric analysis. This approach was called as MB2MBA2 (Methodology Based on Benchmarking of Metadata, from scientific databases, and Bibliometric Assessment and Analysis).

2. Materials and Methods

A bibliometric analysis was firstly carried out to identify the most important (number of documents, citations and centrality metrics) items (authors, sources, organizations, countries and documents) associated with the documents found in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS) for the topics “food” and “consumer attitude*”. Taking into account the large number of documents, information was presented only for the top 40 items (the 40 items with the most documents, citations or metrics). The WoS database was opted for after a benchmark with the Scopus platform. The topic “consumer attitude*” was considered for a wider search, following, for example, Türkeli et al. [19]. In fact, the term “attitude* afforded the discovery of documents related to the words attitude and attitudes, for instance. This bibliometric analysis was supported by the VOSviewer [20,21] and Gephi [22,23] software. After this bibliometric analysis and considering the main insights from it, the most important documents were surveyed through literature review. In other words, the literature review is supported by the main outcomes from the bibliometric approach. Other studies have carried out a similar approach for the agricultural sector [24,25], food marketing [6], circular economy [26] and organizations management [27].
In summary, an approach within this study has been proposed which may be referred to as MB2MBA2 (Methodology Based on Benchmarking of Metadata, from scientific databases, and Bibliometric Assessment and Analysis), for a more structured and supported review, using the following steps [28]:
  • Selection of the more adjusted scientific databases to work upon, considering the topics to be addressed;
  • Collection of metadata information from the databases concerning the several dimensions;
  • Benchmarking of the metadata information to analyze if the databases are alternative or complementary. The idea here is to verify if there are relevant differences that justify working with information from different databases;
  • Assessment of the information obtained from the database(s) selected to identify better methods to be considered in the bibliometric analysis;
  • Survey, through literature review, the most representative documents as a sample of the total results obtained in the search.
There are other approaches for systematic reviews, such as the PRISMA methodology [29]; however, the proposal presented here allows to deal more objectively with a high number of results for searches carried out in the scientific databases about certain topics.

3. Bibliometric Sample: Identification and Characterization

For a search carried out on 11 December 2020 for the topics “food” and “consumer attitude*”, 4996 documents were found on the WoS Core Collection [14] and Scopus [15] databases. The majority of these documents were obtained from the Scopus (4088) and fewer studies (908) were found on the Web of Science.
Figure 1, for the different number of documents presented by WoS and Scopus, highlights that there is a similar trend (to its scale) in the documents published over the last decades by these databases (with the Scopus having more documents in recent years), reaching a maximum in 2019. In fact, in 2020 it seems that there was a change in the focus of the researchers in some cases and a reduction in the total production of research in other contexts. In any case, these records were obtained on 11 December 2020 and this has influence in the number of documents obtained for 2020.
Figure 1. Evolution of the number of records (documents) over the last decades in the WoS and Scopus databases.
Table 1 also shows that there is some similitude between WoS and Scopus for the top 40 most productive sources (those having more records), indexed to these two databases, considered by the several researchers in publishing their studies. Note that in this table the sources marked in red are the top 40 that appear, for the topics considered in this research, simultaneously in WoS and in Scopus.
Table 1. Number of records for the top 40 most productive sources in the WoS and Scopus databases.
For example, the sources “British Food Journal” and “Appetite” both received a relevant part of the studies indexed, regarding food and consumer attitudes, in both databases. British Food Journal has published 90 documents indexed to WoS and 197 studies indexed to Scopus. In turn, Appetite has had 34 records on the WoS and 357 documents on the Scopus.
British Food Journal, Food Quality and Preference, Appetite and Sustainability are the top four sources with more than 20 records on the WoS. Appetite, Meat Science, British Food Journal and Journal of Food Science are the sources with more than 150 records on the Scopus.
The analysis carried out before highlights that there is a similar trend (to its scale) in the studies published over the last decades on both WoS and Scopus. On the other hand, there is some coincidence in the top 40 most productive sources indexed to these two scientific databases. This framework reveals that, for different scales, the two databases may be an alternative for the topics worked on in this study. Considering these findings and the high number of records found on the Scopus, in the next section, for bibliometric analysis, only the records found on the WoS are considered.

4. Bibliometric Analysis Considering Bibliographic Data

In this section, to carry out the bibliometric analysis bibliographic data and the link bibliographic coupling are considered, where the relatedness of items is based on the number of references they share [20,21]. In fact, the link bibliographic coupling seems the more adjusted in order to identify the most relevant research to be surveyed through literature review. The link co-authorship could also be considered; however, the network is often weak and it is more difficult to obtain information for the item documents (in the VOSviewer, for example, the outputs available are for authors, organizations and countries).

4.1. The Most Relevant and Networked Documents

Table 2, obtained with the VOSviewer software, highlights that the most cited documents are Vermeir [30], Szczesniak [31] and Rico [32], including in terms of normalized citations. (Vermeir [30] is the document with higher normalized citations and Szczesniak [31] and Rico [32] are amongst the top 6. The normalized number of citations of research is the number of citations of the study weighted by the average number of citations of all documents published in the same year and included in the information that is delivered to the software. The normalization adjusts for the fact that older research may receive more citations than more recent studies [20]. Despite the higher number of citations and, in some cases, normalized citations, the documents presented in Table 2 are recent, the great majority from the last two decades.
Table 2. Bibliometric information for most cited documents (top 40).
In addition, results for the citations, normalized citations and publication year complemented by centrality metrics were analyzed. The centrality metrics were found through the Gephi [22,23] software based on a file provided by the VOSviewer. These results show that there is a strong and positive correlation between the citations and the normalized citations in the items’ documents, which highlights the fact that the year of publication has no great impact on the ranking found for the studies based on the number of citations. On the other hand, the correlation between the metrics obtained with the VOSviewer and those found through the Gephi are weak, with the exception for the publication year that has, for example, a relevant correlation with the closeness centrality (average distance between any two nodes in the network [70]). This reveals that the more recent documents have more relatedness (number of references they share).
In general, there are relevant correlations among the several centrality metrics presented following the respective meanings [22,23,70]: degree, number of edges associated with a node; eccentricity, distance from a node to the farthest node from it; closeness centrality, average distance between any two nodes in the network; betweenness centrality, quantifying how often a node appears on the shortest path between any two nodes; authority, estimates in the value of the content of the node; hub, estimates in the value given to other nodes; pageranks, probability of clicking through each node, given a number of casual clicks; clustering, measuring the connections between nodes; triangles, number of triangles that pass through each node; eigenvector centrality, measuring the node importance considering its connections to other nodes.
Nonetheless, the correlation seems to be stronger, for example, between the eigenvector centrality and the other centrality metrics. Considering this framework, the eigenvector centrality metric was taken into account to obtain the 40 most relevant documents, for the network, shown in Table A1. This table reveals that the documents with the publication scheduled for 2021 have higher eigenvector centrality, showing its relevance for the network and confirming the findings presented before that the most recent research has greater relatedness.

4.2. The Most Productive and Networked Sources

Table A2 reveals that the most productive sources are the following: British Food Journal; Food Quality and Preference; Appetite; Sustainability; Journal of Sensory Studies; and Trends in Food Science and Technology. British Food Journal, Food Quality and Preference, Appetite, and Trends in Food Science and Technology are among the sources with more citations and normalized citations, showing again that the impacts from the publication year in these rankings are not strong. In turn, when the average citations are considered, the top sources are publications such as Ecological Economics (not presented in the table for the top 40 since it has only one document), showing the relevance of the number of documents for the total citation obtained by sources such as British Food Journal; Food Quality and Preference; Appetite; Sustainability; Journal of Sensory Studies; and Trends in Food Science and Technology.
In general, considering all the sources networked (not only the top 40), there are strong and positive correlations among the number of documents, total citations and normalized citations. In turn, there are weak correlations between the number of documents and the average citations. In addition, there are strong correlations between the total citations and normalized citations. This confirms the influence of the number of documents on the level of total and normalized citations and the weak impact from the publication year on the number of total citations.

4.3. The Most Relevant and Networked Authors

The most productive authors are those presented here (Table A3): Verbeke, Wim; Grunert, Klaus G.; Bruhn, Cm; Frewer, Lynn J.; Hamm, Ulrich; and Siegrist, Michael. Relative to the academic impact, Verbeke, Wim is the author who has been cited the most, in terms of total and normalized citations. However, in terms of average citations the author Vermeir, Iris (not presented in the table for the top 40) appears with higher impact. These results highlight the influence of the number of documents on the level of citations obtained by authors such as Verbeke, Wim.
When considering all the networked authors, the impact from the number of documents on the total and normalized citations is weaker than that found for the item sources, as well as the correlation between the total citations and the normalized citations, showing that here the publication year has more influence. This means that, in terms of total citations, the sources are more vulnerable to the number of documents and the authors are more vulnerable to the publication year.

4.4. The Most Relevant and Networked Organizations

Table A4 highlights that the organizations with more documents are the following: Univ Ghent; Univ Calif Davis; Newcastle Univ; Aarhus Univ; Wageningen Univ; Inra; Univ Gottingen; and Univ Guelph. The Univ Ghent is, also, the organization with more total citations and normalized citations.
A global analysis for the correlations between the several metrics presented on Table A4, for the organizations, reveals that the level of vulnerability of the total citations to the number of documents and the publication year is intermediate among the results found for the sources and authors. This shows, too, that the network found for the organizations is different from that obtained for the affiliated authors; however, the differences are not significantly relevant.

4.5. The Most Productive and Networked Countries

The most productive countries are the USA, England, Italy, Australia, Germany, Spain, China, Canada, Netherlands and Belgium (Figure 2). USA, Italy and England are, also, the countries with more citations. Belgium, for example, appears among the top countries with more total, normalized and average citations, showing its low vulnerability to the number of documents and publication year.
Figure 2. Network visualization map for the item countries (1 as the minimum number of documents of a country). (a) Original figure. (b) Enlargement of figure around the USA.
In general, there is, for this item, a stronger correlation, relative to the items analyzed before, between the number of documents and the total and normalized citations and between the total citations and the normalized citations. This means that the item country is the least influenced, in terms of total citations, by the publication year and the most impacted upon by the number of documents. This highlights, also, that the items documents, authors and organizations are more prone to become historic references and, in this way, be more cited over the years than the sources and the countries.

5. Literature Review

Taking into account the bibliometric analysis carried out before, in this section is assessed the top 40 most cited research and the top 40 most relevant studies considering centrality metrics.

5.1. Insights from the Top 40 Most Cited Documents

Food has several dimensions (gastronomic, environmental, social and economic), including a cultural one [37], and consumer attitudes related to the food are motivated by diverse variables. These relationships between consumer attitudes towards food consumption and the respective motivations are influenced by various factors, such as the brand [43], depending on the kind of market considered [58].
Consumer attitudes to organic agricultural products are favorable and positively influenced by knowledge about the organic food processes and respective markets [55]. This knowledge may be the result of the participation in environmental groups/organizations or having someone in the family who had contact with the agricultural sector [59]. The main motivations to consume this food are related to the absence of chemically processed crop protection products, quality, and environmental and health concerns. The health concerns are determinant factors for organic food consumption [52], which is seen as an investment in a healthy lifestyle [36]. Nonetheless, the consumers perceived these products as having higher prices than what they are willing to pay [66], and are sometimes not available in the markets [53]. The willingness to pay for organic food is not a unanimous finding among the researchers [51]. The consumer attitudes towards organic food also depend on the characteristics of each region, or country [35], on personality traits [38] and gender [49].
The labelling information has an impact on consumer attitudes concerning food consumption, namely through credence contents [54], related, in some cases, to health and quality domains [68]. The impact from food consumption on human health are great concerns for several stakeholders [50]. However, consumers do not always pay the expected attention to information present on labels [60] and claims about health have an impact on the perceptions of other attributes [69], in some cases negative ones. Age and gender influence consumer attitudes about health and taste characteristics of food [34] at both a national and supranational level [57]. Age and gender also impact the attitude to other sensory characteristics, such as texture [31]. Consumer trust in food labelling is crucial [62] for the design of their preferences. Indeed, their beliefs bring about interesting contributions to the interrelationships between motivations–consumer attitudes–perceptions–intentions to buy [46]. In any case, consumers tend to trust health professionals more [67]. The trust in food information supplied by the media (often negative), in turn, reduces the intention to purchase [44]. Intentions are influenced by attitudes, norms and behavioral control [42], as well as perceived food availability [30] and social influences [33]. Consumer attitudes may impact the perceptions about food and, consequently, the respective choices [40] and acceptance [56]. Consumer attitudes predict the behavior towards food consumption [39]. Perceptions about food are relevant domains influenced by several factors [45], where consumer attitudes are a part of this framework. The consume by date, the food’s origin, nutritional characteristics, quality control and system of production are some of the labelling information content considered as being more relevant by consumers, namely that of meat [61].
Convenience food markets are other dimensions where it is important to analyze consumer attitudes, specifically to obtain insights which may be used as a support to the food industry [64]. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are another type of food product which have an influence on consumer attitudes [63]. In some circumstances, consumers are willing to pay to have food free of genetically modified organisms. The consumers that do not buy GMOs are those that consider these products as dangerous for the environment and health [47]. Consumer attitudes about biotechnology and the benefits for the environment, health and the third world all influence the acceptance of GMOs [48]. New food technologies were always a challenge for several stakeholders [65], but also open up several alternatives for the food industry [32]. Perceived risks, benefits and naturalness, as well as trust and food neophobia are dimensions that influence the acceptance of new food and technologies [41].
These top 40 most cited researchers focused on sustainable food, namely organic food, convenience food markets, genetically modified organisms and labelling information. A relevant part of the documents highlights the interrelationships between beliefs/motivations–consumer attitudes–perceptions–intentions to buy and the respective dimensions that impact these interlinkages. Based on these findings, it may be important that future studies address even more deeply the interrelationships between consumer attitudes towards food and approaches associated with climate-smart agriculture, food 4.0, food security and safety and climate change.

5.2. Contributions to Literature from the Top 40 Most Relevant Studies

Such as was found for the most cited documents, also between the most relevant studies (considering centrality metrics), the organic food topic has its importance [53]. For the organic markets, knowledge [71], trust [72], pesticide concerns [73], willingness to pay [74] and subjective norms [75] and interrelationships with the consumer attitudes toward organic food are highlighted by these documents with better centrality metrics. In addition, food safety concerns [76], prices and availability are considered as barriers for a more sustainable food consumption [77] and the skepticism about health claims [78] are reinforced. The level of education has its influence on knowledge concerning organic foods [79]. Health and taste attitudes as predictors of food consumption [80], the dichotomy among local and global brands [81] and trust in information sources [82] are, again, strengthened.
The same happens with the interrelationships between the motivations–consumer attitudes–intentions to buy that appear highlighted by the top 40 most relevant documents [83], including for organic food [38] decisions [55], as well as for the labelling information, namely that related to health, environmental dimensions [84], animal welfare [85] and credence information [54]. The attitudes and intentions to have a personalized nutrition are associated with motives related to the price (negatively), health and ethical dimensions (positively). This is within the context of the European Union [86].
The fields related with food neophobia [87] and new technologies were also addressed [88], but now, in some studies, for more recent tendencies such as nanotechnologies [89], or new approaches such as those related to cultured meat [90]. In these frameworks related with new technologies and food neophobia, the socio-demographic characteristics have their implications on the intention to buy [91]. Nonetheless, in the organic food markets the altruistic motives are, for certain, circumstances which are perceived as being more important than the socio-demographic variables [92]. In any case, the social-demographic dimensions have their impacts on the organic food markets [93]. Neophobic/neophilic forces are, in certain contexts, the perceived risks, novelty, media impact, health and concerns about the environment [94].
However, these most relevant documents are in a significant part, more recent, and therefore bring about new insights. For example, for organic food consumption the relevance of psychological benefits were shown, such as a warm glow (involving socially recognized common good behavior) and self-expressive (showing self-identities to others), in the consumer attitudes and intentions to purchase [95]. Ethical values [96], tolerance of ambiguity [97] and financial barriers [98] were, also, presented as determinants of a sustainable food consumption. The purchasing decision appears as a final step after the purchase intention in Chinese organic food markets [99]. The traditional theory, such as the theory of planned behavior, was, similarly, extended for other markets (beyond the organic markets) with, for example, hedonic and utilitarian values [100] and putting together anticipated regret and risk perception [101].
There are new topics addressed by these most relevant studies, such as climate change and global warming, or the possibilities associated with insect foods [102]. Other topics which were emphasized are the specificities of the food markets [103] and the importance of the research findings for food marketing strategies [104] and the increase in demand of sustainable food [105]. Concerning food marketing, namely for new products, the role of the store frontline employees is emphasized [106].
The top 40 most relevant documents reinforced the importance of the topics related to organic food, interrelationships between motivations–consumer attitudes–intentions to purchase and food neophobia, already highlighted in the top 40 most cited research. However, these documents having better metrics, due to the fact that a relevant part of the studies is more recent, brought new approaches and new insights about food and consumer attitudes, namely associated with psychological benefits, ethical values, tolerance of ambiguity, financial constraints, hedonic and utilitarian values, and anticipated regret. They also brought up new topics such as those related to climate change and adjusted strategies for the markets and their respective marketing. In any case, future studies should go deeper into how consumers’ attitudes towards food are perceived by producers, especially the smallest ones, and how they address these perceptions in decisions taken, including with regard to marketing.

6. Discussion and Conclusions

The main purpose of this research was to carry out a systematic review based on bibliometric analysis concerning the topics “food” and “consumer attitude*”. For this purpose, an approach designed by MB2MBA2 (Methodology Based on Benchmarking of Metadata, from scientific databases, and Bibliometric Assessment and Analysis) was proposed. From a search performed on 11 December 2020 in the WoS Core Collection, 908 documents were considered. These studies were benchmarked with others found on the Scopus database for the same topics.
The benchmarking made between the WoS and Scopus databases for the topics addressed revealed that there is a great difference in the number of documents found (908 and 4088, respectively). Nonetheless, there is a high similitude among the metadata found on the two scientific platforms. In fact, a similar trend in the number of records over the last decades was observed along with some equivalence between the top 40 most productive sources, highlighting the importance for these topics, from sources such as British Food Journal and Appetite. These findings show that the two databases (WoS and Scopus) may be considered, in general terms, as alternatives. This analysis is useful, considering the total number of documents found.
The bibliometric analysis carried out with the support of the VOSviewer and Gephi (for centrality metrics) software highlighted the most relevant and networked documents, sources, authors, organizations and countries for the links bibliographic coupling (found as the most adjusted links to perform a systematic review). The documents from Vermeir [30], Szczesniak [31] and Rico [32] are the most cited, including when the potential impact from the number of years on the citations of the document is controlled. In turn, in terms of centrality metrics, the documents with greater importance inside the network are the following: Khalid [103]; Boobalan [95]; Nijssen [106].
The systematic literature review performed for the top 40 most cited and top 40 most relevant documents for the network show that the subtopics related to organic food, food neophobia, climate change, marketing strategies and interrelationships between motivations–consumer attitudes–perceptions–intentions to buy–decisions to purchase (MAPID) were the main subjects of study considered by the researchers for the topics “food” and “consumer attitude*”. The scientific literature reveals, also, that the MAPID interactions are impacted by labelling, brand, trust on the information provided, knowledge, health and environmental concerns, socio-demographic variables, prices, food availability, food neophobia, credence information, ethical values, psychological benefits, tolerance of ambiguity, hedonic and utilitarian values and anticipated regret.
The research carried out in this study brings about new insights into the topic addressed that may be considered by the several stakeholders in the food sector, namely policymakers, farmers, manufactures, retailers and marketers. In addition, it highlights gaps, new directions for future research and proposes a systematic approach to deal with the high number of documents found on the scientific databases for several topic searches. For future research, more focus on public policies is suggested for a more sustainable food consumption.

Funding

This work is funded by National Funds through the FCT—Foundation for Science and Technology, I.P., within the scope of the project Refª UIDB/00681/2020.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Data will be available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.

Acknowledgments

Furthermore, we would like to thank the CERNAS Research Centre and the Polytechnic Institute of Viseu for their support.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interest.

Appendix A

Table
Table A1. The most relevant documents (top 40) considering centrality metrics.
Table A1. The most relevant documents (top 40) considering centrality metrics.
DocumentsEigenvector Centrality
Khalid (2021) [103]1.00
Boobalan (2021) [95]0.95
Nijssen (2021) [106]0.84
Li (2020) [99]0.77
Hansmann (2020) [98]0.74
Teng (2015) [72]0.69
Chen (2007) [38]0.68
Grubor (2015) [80]0.67
Gassler (2018) [77]0.66
Ahmad (2019) [83]0.65
Chen (2008) [88]0.65
Vega-Zamora (2018) [105]0.64
Chang (2017) [89]0.63
Yazar (2019) [93]0.63
Grubor (2015) [81]0.62
Bravo (2013) [92]0.61
Dowd (2013) [96]0.60
Singh (2017) [75]0.60
Chang (2019) [102]0.59
Verneau (2014) [94]0.58
Jorge (2020) [97]0.58
Hsu (2016) [76]0.58
Nystrand (2020) [100]0.58
Aitken (2020) [84]0.57
Liang (2020) [104]0.57
Yarimoglu (2019) [101]0.56
Aertsens (2011) [53]0.56
Rankin (2018) [86]0.55
Coppola (2014) [91]0.55
Dentoni (2014) [85]0.55
De Magistris (2008) [55]0.55
Fernqvist (2014) [54]0.55
Lopez-Galan (2013) [79]0.55
Hoque (2018) [82]0.54
Kim (2020) [87]0.54
Cheung (2015) [71]0.54
Voon (2011) [74]0.54
Gineikiene (2017) [78]0.54
Tung (2012) [73]0.54
Zhang (2020) [90]0.54
Table
Table A2. Bibliometric information for the sources with more documents (top 40).
Table A2. Bibliometric information for the sources with more documents (top 40).
SourceDocumentsCitationsNorm. CitationsAvg. Pub. YearAvg. CitationsAvg. Norm. Citations
British Food Journal90168177.452015.1518.680.86
Food Quality and Preference52296596.502011.5857.021.86
Appetite34216270.612011.8263.592.08
Sustainability2210019.102018.734.550.87
Journal of Sensory Studies161826.162011.5311.380.38
Trends in Food Science and Technology15154835.572010.87103.202.37
International Journal of Consumer Studies141677.172012.8511.930.51
Journal of Cleaner Production1333030.972017.9225.382.38
Meat Science1351325.572012.9239.461.97
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics12133930.912013.33111.582.58
Journal of Food Products Marketing11829.822017.707.450.89
Food Policy1040111.372009.8040.101.14
Foods10579.992019.105.701.00
Journal of Food Science103189.302005.6031.800.93
Food Control81006.762015.8812.500.84
Nutrients8204.562018.882.500.57
Public Health Nutrition81668.252010.6320.751.03
Food Technology72668.471996.0038.001.21
Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies728412.982011.7140.571.85
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health75612.012018.718.001.72
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition61745.791999.8329.000.97
Food Research International61336.732014.6722.171.12
Journal of Food Safety62264.672002.6737.670.78
Plos One6794.982017.3313.170.83
Radiation Physics and Chemistry6873.521999.5014.500.59
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition5652.842002.8013.000.57
International Journal of Food Science and Technology5945.712009.2018.801.14
Journal of Dairy Science5763.322008.4015.200.66
Journal of Economic Psychology545513.022012.6091.002.60
Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment5631.712008.8012.600.34
Journal of Islamic Marketing5191.872017.503.800.37
Acta Alimentaria480.292013.002.000.07
Agricultural Economics Zemedelska Ekonomika4482.312012.7512.000.58
International Food and Agribusiness Management Review41214.632012.5030.251.16
Journal of Agricultural Economics4972.842008.0024.250.71
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology42164.382010.0054.001.09
Journal of Food Protection41955.082004.7548.751.27
Journal of Insects as Food and Feed42111.232019.755.252.81
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services423417.112018.0058.504.28
Journal of Risk Research4652.822012.2516.250.70
Table
Table A3. Bibliometric information for the authors with more documents (top 40).
Table A3. Bibliometric information for the authors with more documents (top 40).
AuthorsDocumentsCitationsNorm. CitationsAvg. Pub. YearAvg. CitationsAvg. Norm. Citations
Verbeke, Wim18211047.292011.61117.222.63
Grunert, Klaus G.816812.172014.2521.001.52
Bruhn, CM72237.211994.4331.861.03
Frewer, Lynn J.718313.282014.5726.141.90
Hamm, Ulrich71757.022013.1425.001.00
Siegrist, Michael735310.032013.7150.431.43
Clark, Beth610311.432018.6717.171.91
Fischer, Arnout R. H.6799.272016.5013.171.55
Frewer, LJ54007.712000.2080.001.54
Lahteenmaki, L577611.512001.40155.202.30
Shepherd, R52377.121994.6047.401.42
Spiller, Achim51546.562015.4030.801.31
Vanhonacker, Filiep552315.762011.60104.603.15
Ares, Gaston41774.112009.0044.251.03
Dean, Moira41205.342014.0030.001.34
Gaviglio, Anna4262.112015.006.500.53
Grunert, KG450410.202002.00126.002.55
Lahteenmaki, Liisa42456.752008.7561.251.69
Scarpato, Debora4321.712016.008.000.43
Simeone, Mariarosaria4191.412016.754.750.35
Weinrich, Ramona4433.272017.7510.750.82
Aleksejeva, Inese3150.682015.675.000.23
Annunziata, Azzurra3521.882012.3317.330.63
Aschemann-Witzel, Jessica3213.782018.007.001.26
Banati, Diana31004.072012.0033.331.36
Banterle, Alessandro381.012017.002.670.34
Behrens, Jorge H.3631.932010.3321.000.64
Bruhn, Christine M.3973.542010.3332.331.18
Connor, Melanie3892.782013.0029.670.93
D’amico, Mario3173.962018.005.671.32
De Barcellos, Marcia Dutra31106.162013.3336.672.05
Dean, M.34229.342011.33140.673.11
Demartini, Eugenio3231.922015.007.670.64
Di Vita, Giuseppe3184.492019.336.001.50
Egan, Bernadette3492.922015.6716.330.97
Filimonau, Viachaslau373.392019.332.331.13
Fraser, Iain3501.772012.5016.670.59
Frewer, Lynn3162.532017.675.330.84
Gil, Jose M.3442.102012.6714.670.70
Gimenez, Ana31322.992008.6744.001.00
Table
Table A4. Bibliometric information for the organizations which have more documents (top 40).
Table A4. Bibliometric information for the organizations which have more documents (top 40).
OrganizationsDocumentsCitationsNorm. CitationsAvg. Pub. YearAvg. CitationsAvg. Norm. Citations
Univ Ghent28226255.202012.6780.791.97
Univ Calif Davis1629310.902001.1918.310.68
Newcastle Univ1519619.332017.0013.071.29
Aarhus Univ1433423.172015.3123.861.66
Wageningen Univ1362632.192015.1548.152.48
INRA1245414.892010.5837.831.24
Univ Gottingen1228312.592015.0023.581.05
Univ Guelph1235210.002013.1729.330.83
Univ Adelaide96910.682017.787.671.19
Univ Arkansas81727.962014.3821.501.00
Univ Kassel81767.562014.0022.000.94
Univ Reading841811.622014.8652.251.45
Univ Surrey854412.742012.8868.001.59
Queens Univ Belfast71589.922015.1422.571.42
Swedish Univ Agr Sci718310.132015.4326.141.45
Univ Florence712613.452018.0018.001.92
Univ Florida72298.732012.4332.711.25
Univ Milan7795.812015.3311.290.83
Univ Sao Paulo72397.372010.1434.141.05
Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr747413.422011.0067.711.92
Purdue Univ62238.112013.6037.171.35
Univ Coll Dublin61797.402011.1729.831.23
Univ Copenhagen6795.952015.6713.170.99
Univ Illinois61773.442007.5029.500.57
Univ Naples Federico Ii615413.852015.8325.672.31
CSIC51534.312010.0030.600.86
Curtin Univ5364.492017.607.200.90
Ewha Womans Univ5200.892015.804.000.18
Iowa State Univ52207.852009.2044.001.57
Kansas State Univ51133.652009.6022.600.73
Swiss Fed Inst Technol5184.492018.203.600.90
Univ Bologna550812.372010.80101.602.47
Univ Catania5657.382017.2013.001.48
Univ Kent5813.072011.5016.200.61
Univ Kiel51667.632012.6033.201.53
Univ Naples Parthenope5411.912014.808.200.38
Univ Western Australia52155.842011.2043.001.17
Univ Wollongong5924.012013.8018.400.80
Univ Zaragoza51485.232015.0029.601.05
Vrije Univ Amsterdam52248.562017.8044.801.71

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