Animal Welfare Policies and Human Rights in the Context of Slaughter Procedures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Religious Slaughter, What Does it Mean Concretely?
3. Religious Slaughter in Europe: The Necessity to Balance Rights and Public Expectations
4. Non-Discrimination and Religious Freedom: Fundamental Human Rights Recognized at the International Level
5. Concrete Problems Related to Specific Slaughter Procedures. More Pain for Animals, Less Transparency for Consumers?
6. Is Animal Welfare Only a Method or a Right?
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Focarelli, C. Trattato di Diritto Internazionale; UTET: Milano, Italy, 2015; p. 974. [Google Scholar]
- Sykes, K. The Appeal to Science and the Formation of Global Animal Law. Eur. J. Int. Law 2016, 2, 497–518. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Edwards-Callaway, L.N.; Calvo-Lorenzo, M.S. Animal welfare in the U.S. slaughter industry-A focus on fed cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 2020, 98, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sabow, A.B.; Sazili, A.Q.; Zulkifli, I.; Goh, Y.M.; Ab Kadir, M.Z.A.; Abdulla, N.R.; Nakyinsige, K.; Kaka, U.; Adeyemi, K.D. A comparison of bleeding efficiency, microbiological quality and lipid oxidation in goats subjected to conscious halal slaughter and slaughter following minimal anaesthesia. Meat Sci. 2015, 104, 78–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Blokhuis, H.J.; Jones, R.B.; Geers, R.; Miele, M.; Veissier, I. Measuring and monitoring animal welfare: Transparency in the food product quality chain. Anim. Welf. Potters Bar Wheathampstead 2003, 12, 445–456. [Google Scholar]
- Loyer, J.; Whittaker, A.L.; Buddle, E.A.; Ankeny, R.A. A Review of Legal Regulation of Religious Slaughter in Australia: Failure to Regulate or a Regulatory Fail? Animals 2020, 10, 1530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fernandes, J.; Blache, D.; Maloney, S.K.; Martin, G.B.; Venus, B.; Walker, F.R.; Head, B.; Tilbrook, A. Addressing animal welfare through collaborative stakeholder networks. Agriculture 2019, 9, 132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nakyinsige, K.; Man, Y.; Aghwan, Z.; Idrus, Z.; Goh, Y.; Bakar, F.A.; Al-Kahtani, H.; Sazili, A.Q. Stunning and animal welfare from Islamic and scientific perspectives. Meat Sci. 2013, 95, 352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Commission (EC). Council regulation (EC) 1099/2009 of 24 September 2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing. Off. J. Eur. Union. 2009, L303, 1–30. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32009R1099 (accessed on 4 February 2019).
- Fuseini, A.; Knowles, T.G.; Hadley, P.J.; Wotton, S.B. Halal stunning and slaughter: Criteria for the assessment of dead animals. Meat Sci. 2016, 119, 132–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rahman, S.A. Religion and animal welfare-An Islamic perspective. Animals 2017, 7, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qur’an. The Holy Koran; The World’s Classics Paperback Edition; Arberry, A.J., Translator; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Farouk, M.M.; Al-Mazeedi, H.M.; Sabow, A.B.; Bekhit, A.E.D.; Adeyemi, K.D.; Sazili, A.Q.; Ghani, A. Halal and kosher slaughter methods and meat quality: A review. Meat Sci. 2014, 98, 505–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Regenstein, J.M.; Chaudry, M.M.; Regenstein, C.E. The kosher and halal food laws. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2003, 2, 111–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zivotofsky, A.Z. Government Regulations of Shechita (Jewish Religious Slaughter) in the Twenty-First Century: Are They Ethical? J. Agric. Environ. Ethics 2012, 25, 747–763. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosen, S.D. Physiological insights into Shechitàh. Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London. Vet. Rec. 2004, 154, 759–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mast, M.; Mac Neil, J. Effect of kosher VS conventional processing on yield quality and acceptability of broiler chickens. J. Food Sci. 1983, 48, 1013–1015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zivotofsky, A.Z. Legal-ease: What’s the truth about… Nikkur Achoraim? Jew. Act. 2006, 67, 58–62. Available online: http://www.ou.org/pdf/ja/5767/fall67/58-63.pdf (accessed on 11 March 2021).
- Lambooij, E.; van der Werf, J.T.N.; Reimert, H.G.M.; Hindle, V.A. Restraining and neck cutting or stunning and neck cutting of veal calves. Meat Sci. 2012, 91, 22–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abdullah, F.A.A.; Borilova, G.; Steinhauserova, I. Halal criteria versus conventional slaughter technology. Animals 2019, 9, 530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Holleben, K.V. Handling and Restraining Issues for the Most Important Species. EU-Commission DG Sanco. In Proceedings of the Training Workshop on Animal Welfare Concerning the Stunning and Killing of Animals at Slaughterhouses and in Disease Control Situation, Zagreb, Croatia, 15–19 October 2007; Available online: http://www.sancotraining.izs.it/news_corso03/training%20aid/16%20October%202007/von%20Holleben.pdf (accessed on 5 March 2021).
- Velarde, A.; Rodriguez, P.; Dalmau, A.; Fuentes, C.; Llonch, P.; von Holleben, K.V.; Anil, M.H.; Lambooij, J.B.; Pleiter, H.; Yesildere, T.; et al. Religious slaughter: Evaluation of current practices in selected countries. Meat Sci. 2014, 96, 278–287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- FVE. Position Paper on Slaughter of Animals without Prior Stunning; FVE/02/104; Federation of Veterinarians of Europe: Brussels, Belgium, 2002; Available online: https://www.fve.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/fve_02_104_slaughter_prior_stunning.pdf (accessed on 9 March 2021).
- Riaz, M.N.; Chaudry, M.M. Halal Food Production; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Gregory, N.G. Animal Welfare and Meat Production, 2nd ed.; CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK, 2007; pp. 213–226. [Google Scholar]
- Special Eurobarometer 442: Attitudes of Europeans towards Animal Welfare. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/ResultDoc/downlod/DocumentKy/71348ù (accessed on 10 October 2020).
- Oggi tre Abitanti Della Terra su 10 Sono Cristiani. La Geografia Religiosa nel 2050. Available online: https://www.infodata.ilsole24ore.com/2019/01/08/oggi-tre-abitanti-della-terra-su-10-sono-cristiani-nel-2050-la-geografia-religiosa-sara-diversa/ (accessed on 10 October 2020).
- European Convention on Human Rights. Available online: https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf (accessed on 4 November 2020).
- Convention for the Protection of Animal for Slaughter. Available online: https://rm.coe.int/1680077d98 (accessed on 10 October 2020).
- Lugli, M.; Pasquali Cerioli, J.; Pistolesi, I. Elementi di Diritto Ecclesiastico Europeo; Giappichelli: Torino, Italy, 2008; pp. 9–10. [Google Scholar]
- Zagrebelsky, V.; Chenal, R.; Tomasi, L. Manuale dei Diritti Fondamentali in Europa; Il Mulino: Bologna, Italy, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Ventrella, C. Il rispetto delle regole del cibo in una società multiculturale. Euro-Balkan Law and Economics Review. 2020. Available online: https://ojs.cimedoc.uniba.it/index.php/law/article/view/1155 (accessed on 10 October 2020).
- The Charter of the United Nations. Available online: http://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/ (accessed on 12 October 2020).
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available online: http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights (accessed on 5 October 2020).
- Panella, L.; Zanghì, C. La Protezione Internazionale dei Diritti dell’uomo, 4th ed.; Giappichelli: Torino, Italy, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief. Available online: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ReligionOrBelief.aspx#:~:text=Article%204-,1.,political%2C%20social%20and%20cultural%20life (accessed on 5 September 2020).
- Sullivan, D.J. Advancing the Freedom of Religion or Belief through the UN Declaration on the Elimination of Religious Intolerance and Discrimination. Am. J. Int. Law 1988, 82, 487–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- EUR-Lex. Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community. Off. J. Eur. Union. 2007, C306, 1–271. Available online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A12007L%2FTXT (accessed on 16 March 2021).
- Vitali, E.; Chizzoniti, A.G. Manuale Breve Diritto Ecclesiastico; Giuffrè: Milano, Italy, 2020; p. 29. [Google Scholar]
- Fuccillo, A. Diritto Religioni Culture. Il Fattore Religioso Nell’esperienza Giuridica; Giappichelli: Torino, Italy, 2019; p. 57. [Google Scholar]
- D’Amico, P.; Vitelli, N.; Cenci Goga, B.T.; Nucera, D.; Pedonese, F.; Guidi, A.; Armani, A. Meat from cattle slaughtered without stunning sold in the conventional market without appropriate labelling: A case study in Italy. Meat Sci. 2017, 34, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bozzo, G.; Di Pinto, A.; Bonerba, E.; Ceci, E.; Mottola, A.; Roma, R.; Capozza, P.; Samoilis, G.; Tantillo, G.; Celano, G.V. Kosher slaughter paradigms: Evaluation of slaughterhouse inspection procedures. Meat Sci. 2017, 128, 30–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gregory, N.G.; Schuster, P.; Mirabito, L.; Kolesar, R.; McManus, T. Arrested blood flow during false aneurysm formation in the carotid arteries of cattle slaughtered with & without stunning. Meat Sci. 2012, 90, 368–372. [Google Scholar]
- Hayes, N.S.; Schwartz, C.A.; Phelps, K.J.; Borowicz, K.R.; Maddock-Carlin, K.R.; Maddock, R.J. The relationship between pre-harvest stress and the carcass characteristics of beef heifers that qualified for kosher designation. Meat Sci. 2015, 100, 134–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, C.B.; Mellor, D.J.; Hemsworth, P.H.; Fisher, A.D. A scientific comment on the welfare of domesticated ruminants slaughtered without stunning. N. Z. Vet. J. 2015, 63, 58–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bozzo, G.; Barrasso, R.; Marchetti, P.; Roma, R.; Samoilis, G.; Tantillo, G.; Ceci, E. Analysis of stress indicators for evaluation of animal welfare and meat quality in traditional and Jewish slaughtering. Animals 2018, 8, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gregory, N.G. Animal Welfare and Meat Science; CABI Publishing: Wallingford, UK, 1998; Chapter 4; pp. 64–92. [Google Scholar]
- Fox, M.A. Animal liberation: A critique. Ethics 1978, 88, 106–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barzanti, F. La tutela del benessere degli animali nel Trattato di Lisbona. Riv. Dirit. Dell Un. Eur. 2013, 1, 49. [Google Scholar]
- Liga van Moskeeënen Islamitische Organisaties Provincie Antwerpen. Available online: http://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-426/16&language=IT (accessed on 18 September 2020).
- Rodriguez Garcia, J.A. Derecho Eclesiástico del Estado; Tecnos: Madrid, Spain, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Rodriguez Garcia, J.A. Laicità, interculturalità e “meticciato costituzionale democratico” in Spagna. Stato Chiese Plur. Confess. 2009. Available online: https://www.statoechiese.it/images/uploads/articoli_pdf/rodriguez_laicit.m.pdf?pdf=laicita-interculturalita-e-meticciato-costituzionale-democratico-in-spagna (accessed on 15 March 2021).
- Llamazares Fernández, D. Derecho de la Libertad de Conciencia, Vol I., Libertad de Conciencia y Laicidad, 3rd ed.; Civitas: Madrid, Spain, 2007; pp. 1–417. [Google Scholar]
- Castro Jover, M.A. Inmigración, pluralismo religioso-cultural y educación. In Laicidad y Libertades: Escritos Jurídicos; n° 2; Asociación Derecho, Laicidad y Libertades: Madrid, Spain, 2002; pp. 89–119. [Google Scholar]
- Macrì, G. Immigrazione esperienze islamiche in Italia: La Consulta per l’Islam italiano. In Immigrazione e Soluzioni Legislative in Italia e Spagna. Istanze Autonomistiche, Società Multiculturali, Diritti Civile e di Cittadinanza; Tozzi, V., Parisi, M., Eds.; Arti grafiche la Regione: Campobasso, Italy, 2007; pp. 236–237. [Google Scholar]
Legal Instrument | Date of Adoption | Number of States Involved | Legal Provision Referred to Non-Discrimination and Religious Freedom |
---|---|---|---|
Charter of the United Nations [33] | 26 June 1945 | 193 States | States expressed their willingness to achieve international cooperation in the solution of problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian nature, and to promote and encourage respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, sex, language, or religion (art. 1, 13, 55, 76). |
Universal Declaration of Human Rights [34] | 10 December 1948 | United General Assembly—193 States | Provides that the rights and freedoms set forth in the declaration must be recognized to all without the distinction of race, color, sex, language, religion, political opinion of national or social origin, of wealth, birth or other condition (art. 2). Recognizes freedom of thought, conscience, and religion (art. 18). |
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom [28,35] | 4 November 1950 | Council of Europe–47 States | Provides freedom of thought, conscience and religion (art. 9), of expression (art. 10). It also provides for a specific prohibition of any discrimination (art. 14). |
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief [36,37] | 25 November 1981 | United General Assembly—193 States | No one shall be subject to discrimination by any State, institution, group of persons or person on the grounds of religion or belief (Art. 2.1). All States shall take effective measures to prevent and eliminate discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief in the recognition, exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms in all fields of civil, economic, political, social and cultural life (Art. 4.1). |
Lisbon Treaty—Treaty of the European Union [38,39,40] | 13 December 2007 | 27 States | The Union shall respect cultural, religious and linguistic diversity (Art. 22). |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bozzo, G.; Barrasso, R.; Ferorelli, D.; Gassi, V.; Russo, R.; Celentano, F.E. Animal Welfare Policies and Human Rights in the Context of Slaughter Procedures. Agriculture 2021, 11, 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050442
Bozzo G, Barrasso R, Ferorelli D, Gassi V, Russo R, Celentano FE. Animal Welfare Policies and Human Rights in the Context of Slaughter Procedures. Agriculture. 2021; 11(5):442. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050442
Chicago/Turabian StyleBozzo, Giancarlo, Roberta Barrasso, Davide Ferorelli, Vito Gassi, Roberto Russo, and Francesco Emanuele Celentano. 2021. "Animal Welfare Policies and Human Rights in the Context of Slaughter Procedures" Agriculture 11, no. 5: 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050442