Spatial Analysis of Agronomic Data and UAV Imagery for Rice Yield Estimation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Remote Sensing and In-Situ Data
2.3. Image Analysis and Vegetation Indices
- At plot scale.
- At sub-plot scale derived from point data related to yield.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vegetation Index | Formula | Reference | Scale of Application | Estimated Parameter |
---|---|---|---|---|
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) | [23] | Crown | Biomass, vegetation density | |
Normalized NIR index (NNIR) | [24] | Crown | Vegetation density | |
Red edge difference vegetation index (REDVI) | [26] | Vegetation coverage | ||
Normalized difference red edge (NDRE) | [27] | Leaves | Biomass | |
Red edge chlorophyll index (CIre) | [28] | Chlorophyll | ||
Modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance index 1 (MCARI1) | [26] | Leaves | Chlorophyll, LAI | |
Red edge soil adjusted vegetation index (RESAVI) | [26] | Crown | Biophysical parameters | |
Red edge re-normalized different vegetation index (RERDVI) | [26] | Chlorophyll | ||
Transformed vegetation index (TVI) | [33] | Crown | Chlorophyll | |
Modified transformed vegetation index 2 (MTVI2) | [29] | Crown | Chlorophyll |
Vegetation Indices | Calculation Methodology |
---|---|
VIA | 6 July, booting |
VIB | 21 July, panicle heading |
VIC | 30 August, ripening |
MRL(VI) | Is calculated on a case-by-case based on linear regression of one VI in 2 or 3 dates. |
SUM (VI AB) | VIA + VIB |
SUM (VI AC) | VIA + VIC |
SUM (VI BC) | VIB + VIC |
MAX (VI) | Max (VIA, VIB, VIC) |
N | Range | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Std. Deviation | Variance | CV% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Statistic | Std. Error | ||||||||
General | 18 | 3150 | 6560 | 9710 | 8418.3 | 224.53 | 952.60 | 9074.500 | 11.32 |
Gladio | 7 | 208 | 6560 | 8640 | 7560 | 304.70 | 806.16 | 6499.000 | 10.66 |
Ronaldo | 11 | 169 | 8020 | 9710 | 8964.5 | 167.56 | 555.72 | 3088.273 | 6.20 |
General (Ν = 18) | Ronaldo (Ν = 11) | Gladio (Ν = 7) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetation Indices | Booting | Panicle | Ripening | Booting | Panicle Heading | Ripening | Booting | Panicle Heading | Ripening |
Heading | |||||||||
NDVI | 0.268 | 0.054 | 0.510 * | 0.781 ** | −0.064 | 0.620 * | 0.939 ** | 0.835 * | −0.370 |
NNIR | 0.224 | 0.017 | 0.333 | 0.781 ** | −0.098 | 0.668 * | 0.942 ** | 0.874 * | −0.101 |
REDVI | 0.451 | −0.230 | 0.604 ** | 0.698 * | −0.009 | 0.612 * | 0.921 ** | 0.836 * | 0.178 |
NDRE | 0.287 | −0.242 | 0.609 ** | 0.731 ** | −0.034 | 0.783 ** | 0.946 ** | 0.846 * | −0.215 |
CΙre | 0.382 | −0.227 | 0.685 ** | 0.752 ** | −0.059 | 0.735 * | 0.946 ** | 0.855 * | −0.190 |
MCARI1 | 0.464 | −0.229 | 0.740 ** | 0.722 * | −0.058 | 0.697 ** | 0.975 ** | 0.830 * | 0.009 |
RESAVI | 0.386 | −0.237 | 0.611 ** | 0.754 ** | −0.024 | 0.784 ** | 0.940 ** | 0.843 * | −0.046 |
RERDVI | 0.390 | −0.236 | 0.614 ** | 0.744 ** | −0.021 | 0.771 ** | 0.941 ** | 0.842 * | 0.003 |
TVI | 0.188 | 0.120 | 0.614 ** | 0.783 ** | −0.061 | 0.771 ** | 0.936 ** | 0.816 * | 0.003 |
MTVI2 | −0.557 * | −0.048 | −0.433 ** | −0.691 * | −0.177 | −0.453 | −0.924 ** | −0.854 * | −0.519 |
Ronaldo | Gladio | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NDVI | RERDVI | NDVI | MCARI1 | ||||||||||||
C | B | A | C | B | A | C | B | A | C | B | A | ||||
A | 0.76 | 0.61 | 0.60 | A | 0.77 | 0.34 | 0.55 | A | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.88 | A | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.95 |
B | 0.67 | 0.00 | 0.61 | B | 0.17 | 0.00 | 0.61 | B | 0.01 | 0.70 | 0.14 | B | 0.10 | 0.69 | 0.54 |
C | 0.38 | 0.67 | 0.66 | C | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.80 | C | 0.13 | 0.53 | 0.70 | C | 0.00 | 0.54 | 0.59 |
Max (NDVI) = 0.60 | Max (RERDVI) = 0.59 | Max (NDVI) = 0.88 | Max (MCARI1) = 0.94 | ||||||||||||
MRLABC = 0.75 * | MRLABC = 0.81 * | MRLABC = 0.78 * | MRLABC = 0.61 * | ||||||||||||
* Reference on Supplementary Material | |||||||||||||||
Legend | |||||||||||||||
C | B | A | MAX(VI) = MAX(VIA, VIB, VIC) | R2 | |||||||||||
A | VIA+VIC * | VIA+ VIB * | VIA | MRLABC = aVIA+bVIB+cVIC+d | 1 | A: 06 July 2016 | |||||||||
B | VIB+ VIC* | VIB | VIBA** | * Reference on Supplementary Material | 0.5 | B: 21 July 2016 | |||||||||
C | VIC | VI CB ** VI CA ** | ** Reference on Table 2 | 0 | C: 30 August 2016 |
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Perros, N.; Kalivas, D.; Giovos, R. Spatial Analysis of Agronomic Data and UAV Imagery for Rice Yield Estimation. Agriculture 2021, 11, 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090809
Perros N, Kalivas D, Giovos R. Spatial Analysis of Agronomic Data and UAV Imagery for Rice Yield Estimation. Agriculture. 2021; 11(9):809. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090809
Chicago/Turabian StylePerros, Nikolas, Dionissios Kalivas, and Rigas Giovos. 2021. "Spatial Analysis of Agronomic Data and UAV Imagery for Rice Yield Estimation" Agriculture 11, no. 9: 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090809