Increasing Snow–Soil Interface Temperature in Farmland of Northeast China from 1979 to 2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Meteorological Station Data in NEC
2.2. Datasets
2.2.1. Forcing Datasets
2.2.2. Snow Depth Dataset
2.2.3. Land Cover
2.3. SNTHERM Model Description and Calibration
3. Results
3.1. SNTHERM Model Validation
3.2. Spatiotemporal Variations of TSS and TDSSA
3.3. The Response of TSS to TSA and MSD
4. Discussion
4.1. The Environmental Impact of TSS Changes
4.2. Model Limitations and Uncertainties
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Values | Unit |
---|---|---|
Plasticity index | 0.28 | / |
Density of dry minerals in material | 2700 | kg/m3 |
Bulk density of dry material | 1600 | kg/m3 |
Heat capacity of dry material | 800 | J/kg·K |
Thermal conductivity for dry bulk material | 0.113 | W/m·K |
Snow albedo | 0.78 | / |
Irreducible water saturation for snow | 0.04 | / |
Region | Slope | Contribution | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TSS (°C/a) | TSA (°C/a) | MSD (cm/a) | TSA | MSD | R2 | |
Sanjiang Plain | 0.11 ** | –0.01 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.74 ** | 0.44 |
Songnen Plain | 0.12 ** | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.36 ** | 1.08 ** | 0.55 |
Lower Liaohe River Plain | 0.05 ** | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.72 ** | 0.26 |
Region | Number of Pixels | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
MSD | TSA | ||
Sanjiang Plain | 605 | 95 | 5 |
Songnen Plain | 1510 | 99 | 1 |
Lower Liaohe River Plain | 344 | 74 | 26 |
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Chen, X.; Li, X.; Gu, L.; Zheng, X.; Wang, G.; Li, L. Increasing Snow–Soil Interface Temperature in Farmland of Northeast China from 1979 to 2018. Agriculture 2021, 11, 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090878
Chen X, Li X, Gu L, Zheng X, Wang G, Li L. Increasing Snow–Soil Interface Temperature in Farmland of Northeast China from 1979 to 2018. Agriculture. 2021; 11(9):878. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090878
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xiuxue, Xiaofeng Li, Lingjia Gu, Xingming Zheng, Guangrui Wang, and Lei Li. 2021. "Increasing Snow–Soil Interface Temperature in Farmland of Northeast China from 1979 to 2018" Agriculture 11, no. 9: 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090878