Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Status of Botanical Pesticides
Bioactive Compounds from Botanicals
3. Application of Botanical Pesticides
3.1. Insecticidal Activities
3.2. Fungi Management
3.3. Bacteria Management
3.4. Nematodes Management
3.5. Viruses Management
4. Challenges of Botanical Pesticides
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
- Considering the huge quantum of raw materials required to produce plant-based pesticides, intensive cultivation of plant sources should be done to ensure the availability of raw materials for industrial uses.
- Further studies to address the limitations confronted with botanical pesticides bordering on formulations, active ingredients, application rates, storage stability, and volatility under ultraviolet light may enhance the significant commercialization of botanical pesticides.
- In a bid to facilitate market penetration of botanical pesticides, there is a need for collaboration among researchers, investors, manufacturers, marketers, and farmers with the sole aim of sustainable benefits that must be established.
- Addressing the huge constraints of regulatory procedures might promote feasibility and affordability of businesses that would encourage entrepreneurs, public funding of agro-programs, investors, and large pesticide companies to enhance the enterprising of botanical pesticides.
- Regular training on easy production and application techniques by low-income farmers and extension workers to disseminate botanical pesticide usage is essential for better adoption.
- Considering the concerns for environmental safety across the globe, there is a need to promote intensive awareness by government agencies among farmers and manufacturers by sensitizing them to the importance of switching over to botanical pesticides for a sustainable pest management approach.
- Thus, various aspects bordering on constraints, prospects, and regulatory networks towards effective utilization, research, and development of botanical pesticides in sustainable agricultural production should be reviewed often.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Scientific Name | Family | Part Utilized | Extraction Method | Target Pest | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Acorus calamus L. | Acoraceae | Leaf, Rhizome, Stem | Aqueous, Ethanolic, Methanolic extraction | Microsporum gypseum, Penicillium marneffei, Trichophyton rubrum, Sitophilus zeamais | [37] |
2 | Adhatoda vasica L. | Acanthaceae | Leaf, Root, Bark, Fruit, Flower | Aqueous, Ethanolic, Methanolic extraction | Xanthomonas oryzae | [38] |
3 | Allium cepa L. | Alliaceae | Seed | Steam distillation | Alternaria solani, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Phytophthora infestans, Ramularia areola | [39,40,41] |
4 | Allium sativum L. | Alliaceae | Bulb, Leaf | Ethanolic extraction | Bemisia tabaci, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium guttiforme, Helicoverpa armigera, Pseudomonas syringae | [42,43,44,45] |
5 | Annona squamosa L. | Annonaceae | Seed | Solvent extraction | Fusarium wilt, Phytophthora blight, Rhizoctonia solani | [46] |
6 | A. indica | Meliaceae | Leaf, Bark, Root, Seed, Fruit | Aqueous, Ethanolic, Methanolic extraction, Steam distillation | Aphis spp., Aspergillus niger, B. tabaci, Colletotrichum spp, Echinochloa crusgalli, Fusarium oxysporum, Geotrichum candidium, H. armigera,Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica, Rhizopus stolonifer, Sitophilus zeamais | [47,48,49,50] |
7 | Camellia oleiferaAbel. | Theaceae | Stem, Leaf | Aqueous extraction | [35] | |
8 | Capsicum frutescens L. | Solanaceae | Fruit | Maceration, Soxhlet, Ethanolic extraction | A. solani, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, F. oxysporum, Phytophthra infestans, Pseudomonas aerugionsa, Staphylococcus aureus | [41,51,52] |
9 | Chromolaena odorata L. | Asteraceae | Leaf, Stem, Root | Aqueous, Ethanolic, Methanolic extraction | A. niger, Dolichodorus sp., F. oxysporum, G. candidium, Helicotylenchus sp., M. incognita, R. stolonifer | [49,53] |
10 | Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium L. | Compositae | Flower | Ethanolic, Methanolic extraction | Blatta orientalis, Isoptera spp., Lasius niger, Myrmecia gulosa | [47] |
11 | Citrus hystrix DC. | Rutaceae | Leaf | Steam, Hydrodistillation, Solvent extraction | Acarina spp., Acheta domesticus, Aphis spp., Botrytis cinerea, Siphonaptera spp., Uromyces appendiculatus, | [44,54] |
12 | Coriandrum sativum L. | Apiaceae | Seed, Fruit | Steam, Hydrodistillation, Solvent extraction | Alternaria alternate, F. oxysporum, Pyricularia oryzae, Trichoconiella padwickii, X. oryzae | [55] |
13 | Croton chichenensis Lundell | Euphorbiaceae | Root | Aqueous, Ethanolic extraction | Alternaria tagetica, Colletotrichum gloeosporioidese, F. oxysporium, Rhizopus sp. | [56] |
14 | Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. | Gramineae | Leaf | Maceration, Hydro, Steam distillation | A. solani, Alternaria brassicae, P. infestans, Pectobacterium carotovorum | [57] |
15 | Curcuma longa L. | Zingiberaceae | Root stem | Aqueous extraction | Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera litura | [58,59,60] |
16 | Datura stramonium L. | Solanaceae | Leaf, Fruit | Methanolic extraction, solvent extraction | A. alternata, Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusfumigatus, A. niger | [61,62] |
17 | Eucalyptus globules Labill | Myrtaceae | Leaf, Bark | Steam, Hydro distillation, Soxhlet extraction | A. brassicae, Alternaria triticina, A. solani, F. oxysporum, P. infestans, Pythium ultimum R. solani | [63,64,65] |
18 | Gossypium herbaceum L. | Malvaceae | Leaf | Crude, Solvent extraction | Rice stripe virus, Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus, Tobacco mosaic virus | [66] |
19 | Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus Pierre ex Lecomte | Achariaceae. | Leaf, Fruit. | Aqueous, Ethanolic extraction | Colletotrichum falcatum, Colletotrichum higginsianum, Phytophthora palmivora, P. oryzae, R. solani | [67,68] |
20 | Lantana camara | Verbenaceae | Leaf, Stem, Fruit | Maceration, Solvent, Aqueous, extraction, Steam distillation | A.flavus, A. niger | [69,70] |
21 | Derris elliptical | Fabaceae | Root | Crude extraction | Aphis spp., Cerotoma trifurcata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Erythroneura variabilis, Tetranychus urticae | [47] |
22 | Mentha piperita L. | Lamiaceae | Shoot | Steam, Hydro distillation | A. alternata, B. cinerea | [71,72] |
23 | N. tabacum | Solanaceae | Leaf | Solvent extraction | Aphis sp., Acarina sp., Bradysia sp., Circulifer tenellus, F. oxysporum, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus sp. | [47,73] |
24 | Ocimum basilicum L. | Labiatae | Leaf | Steam, Hydro distillation | A. solani, Alternaria heveae, P. infestans | [41,74] |
25 | Ocimum sanctum L. | Malvaceae | Leaf | Ethanolic extraction | F. oxysporum, Macrophomina phaseolina, Sarocladium oryzae | [75,76,77] |
26 | Ocimum tenuiflorum L. | Lamiaceae | Leaf | Crude extraction | Phyllosticta zingiberi | [78] |
27 | Origanum vulgare L. | Lamiaceae | Leaf, Flower | Aqueous, Ethanolic extraction | Bacillus spp., Serratia marcescens | [79] |
28 | Peganum harmala L. | Zygophyllaceae | Leaf, Stem | n-Butanol extraction | Bursaphelenchus xylophilus | [80] |
29 | Prosopis juliflora (Sw) DC | Fabaceae | Leaf, Fruit | Ethanolic extraction | A. alternata, A. solani, B. cinerea, B. subtilis, Candida albican, Geotrichum candidum, P. infestans, S. aureus, Xanthomonas campestris | [81] |
30 | Psidium guajava L. | Myrtaceae. | Leaf | Aqueous, Ethanolic, Methanolic extraction | Chromobacterium violaceum, P. carotovorum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. marcescens | [57,82] |
31 | Reynoutria sachalinensis Schmidt | Polygonaceae. | Leaf, Stem, Flower | Aqueous, Ethanolic extraction | Leveillula taurica | [83,84] |
32 | Ricinus communis L. | Euphorbiaceae | Leaf | Methanolic extraction | R.solani, Fusarium wilt | [46] |
33 | Rhododendron molle G.Don | Ericaceae | Flower | EtOAc extraction | Pieris rapae | [85] |
34 | Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Leaf, Seed | Steam, Hydro distillation | A. flavus, Phytophthoracapsici, P. megakarya, P. palmivora | [86] |
35 | Salvia officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Shoot | Soxhlet extraction, Hydrodistillation | Penicillium aurantiogriseum, Verticillium dahlia | [87] |
36 | Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) | Asteraceae | Leaf | Crude, Methanolic extraction | A. niger, F. oxysporum, G. candidium, R. stolonifer | [59] |
37 | T. diversifolia | Asteraceae | Leaf | Crude, Methanolic extraction | Cercospora arachidicola, Cercosporidium personatum | [88] |
38 | Tridax procumbens L. | Asteraceae | Leaf | Crude, Methanolic, Soxhlet extraction | C. arachidicola, C. personatum | [88] |
39 | Thuja orientalis L. | Cupressaceae | Leaf | Aqueous extraction, Steam distillation | Watermelon mosaic virus | [89] |
40 | Thymus citriodorus L. | Lamiaceae | Leaf | Maceration, Soxhlet extraction, Steam distillation | M.incognita, M.javanica | [51] |
41 | Trigonella foenumgraceum L. | Fabaceae | Leaf, Seed | Ethanolic, Methanolic extraction | P. capsici | [90] |
42 | Vernonia amygdalina Del. | Asteraceae | Leaf | Maceration, Soxhlet extraction | F. oxysporum | [64] |
43 | Withania somnifera L. | Solanaceae | Leaf | Aqueous extraction | Trichothecium roseum | [91] |
44 | Zingiber officinale Roscoe. | Zingiberaceae | Rhizome | Maceration, Crude, Solvent extraction | B.tabaci, Caliothrips fasciatus, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium lycopersici, F. oxysporium, F. solani, Phaeoisariopsis, griseola, P.infestans, P. oryzae, P. digitatum | [44,92,93] |
No. | Product | Botanical Name | Trade Name | Main Bioactive Compound(s) | Biological Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Capsicum oleoresin | Capsicum spp. (C. frutescens) | Hot Pepper Wax Insect Repellent | Capsaicin | Repellent, Fungicide, Nematicide, Bactericide | [114,115] |
2 | Cinnamaldehyde | Cassia tora L., Cassia obtusifolia L. | VertigoTM, CinnacureTM, | Cinnamaldehyde | Fungicide, Insect Attractant | [114,115] |
3 | Cinnamon essential oil | Cinnamomumzeylanicum | Weed ZapTM, Repellex, | Cinnamaldehyde | Insecticide, Herbicide | [96,116] |
4 | Clove essential oil | Syzygiumaromaticum L. Eugenia caryophyllus Spreng | Matran EC, Burnout II, Biooganic Lawn | Eugenol (mixture of several predominantly terpenoid compounds) | Insecticide, Herbicide | [96,114,115,116] |
5 | Extract of giant Knotweed | R. sachalinensis | Milsana®, RegaliaTM | Physcion, Emodin | Fungicide, Bactericide | [112,115] |
6 | Jojoba essential oil | Simmondsiacalifornica Nutt., S. chinensis | Detur, E-Rasem, Eco E-Rase, Permatrol, ERaseTM | Straight-chain wax esters | Fungicide, Insecticide | [114,115] |
7 | Karanjin | Derris indica (Lam.) Bennet | Derisom | Karanjin | Insecticide, Acaricide | [114] |
8 | Lemongrass essential oil | Cymbopogonnardus, C.citratus, Cymbopogonflexuosus D.C | GreenMatch EXTM | Citronellal, Citral | Insecticide, Herbicide | [96,115] |
9. | Neem (neem oil, medium polarity extracts) | A. indica | Ecozin, Azatrol EC, Agroneem, TrilogyTM | Azadirachtin, Dihydroazadirachtin, Triterpenoids (Nimbin, Salannin | Insecticide, Acaricide, Fungicide | [114,117] |
10 | Nicotine | Nicotiana spp. | Stalwart, No-Fid, XL-All Nicotine, Tobacco Dust | (S)-isomer, (RS)-isomers, and (S)-isomer of nicotine sulfate. | Insecticide | [114,117] |
11 | Phenethyl propionate | Component of peppermint oil (M. piperita) and peanut oil | EcoSmart HC, EcoExempt HC, Ecopco Acu | Phenethyl propionate | Insecticide, Insect Repellent, Herbicide | [114,115] |
12 | Pink plume poppy extract | Macleaya cordata R. Br. | Qwel® | Alkaloids, Anguinarine Chloride, Chelerythrine Chloride | Fungicide | [112,115] |
13 | Pyrethrum | Tanacetumcinerariaefolium (Trevisan) Schultz-Bip. | Pyganic, Diatect | Esters of chrysanthemic acid and pyrethric acid (pyrethrins I and II, cinerins I and II, jasmolins I and II) | Insecticide, Acaricide | [115,117] |
14 | Rosemary essential oil | R. officinalis | EcotrolTM, SporanTM | 1,8-cineole (borneol, camphor, monoterpenoids) | Insecticide, Acaricide, Fungicide | [96,115] |
15 | Rotenone | Derris spp., Lonchocarpus spp., and Tephrosia spp. | Bonide, Rotenone | Rotenone, Deguelin, (isoflavonoids) | Insecticide, Acaricide | [114,117] |
16 | Ryania | Ryania spp. (Ryania speciose Vahl) | Natur-Gro R-50, Natur-Gro Triple Plus, Ryan 50 | Ryanodine, Ryania, 9,21-didehydroryanodine (alkaloids) | Insecticide | [114,117] |
17 | Sabadilla | Schoenocaulon spp. (S. officinale) | Veratran, Red Devil, Natural Guard | Mixture of alkaloids (cevadine, veratridine) | Insecticide | [115,117] |
18 | Thyme essential oil | Thymus vulgaris L. Thymus spp. | Proud 3, Organic Yard Insect Killer, PromaxTM | Thymol, Carvacrol | Insecticide, Fungicide, Herbicide | [96,115] |
No. | Plant Source | Active Compounds | Target Site | Mechanism of Action | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Haloxylon salicornicum, N. tabacum, Stemona japonicum | Nicotine | Nervous system | It competes with the neurotransmitter by attaching to acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at neuron synapses, producing unregulated nerve firing. The disturbance of normal nerve impulse performance caused physiological system malfunctions of the neurons. | [118,119,120] |
2 | Crysanthemum cinerariaefolium | Pyrethrin I & II, Cinerin I & II, Jasmolin I & II | Nerve (Axon) | Interfering with Na and K ion conversion inhibited normal transmittal of nerve impulses, triggering paralysis in insects. | [17,121,122] |
3 | Lonchocarpus spp., Derris spp. | Rotenone | Mitochondria | Cell respiratory enzyme inhibitor disrupts cellular metabolism, reduces ATP output. Nerve and muscle cell malfunctions lead to low feeding rates. | [123,124,125] |
4 | Ryania spp. | Byanodine | Muscles | Activation of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Affect calcium development and causes improper function of muscles. | [126] |
5 | S. officinale | Sabadilla | Nerve (Axon) | Obstruct the movement of neurons and potassium ion in nerve axons. | [122,127] |
6 | Cedrus spp., Citronella spp., Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp. | Essential oils | Octopaminergic system | Increase the level of intracellular messenger and effectively inhibit cyclic AMP of abdominal epidermal tissue. | [122,128] |
7 | Monarda spp., O. vulgare, T. vulgaris | Thymol | Octopaminergic system | Prevent octopamine receptors via tyramine receptors cascade. | [122,129] |
8 | A. indica | Azadirachtin, Nimbin, Salannin, Melandriol | Endocrine System | Inhibit Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH); distort phagostimulant disruptor by cholinergic transmission | [122,130,131] |
9 | A.squamosa | Squamocin (annonin), Debitterized annona oil | Mitochondria | Dunnione acts as insecticide and fungicide, disrupting mitochondrial complex III. | [122,132] |
10 | Capsicum annum | Protoalkaloids Capsaicin | Nerve | Induced metabolism, impaired cell membrane, and nervous system. Acts as a physical repellent. | [132] |
11 | Citrus sinensis | Limonene, Linalool | Hyperactivity, hyperexcitation leading to rapid knockdown and immobilization. Inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase. | [133] | |
12 | Pongamia pinnata | Karanjin, Debitterised karanjin oil | Serves as feeding restraint, repellant, reduced growth, oviposition suppressor, and low or no fertilization. | [122,132] | |
13 | S. officinale | Cevadine, Veratridine | Mitochondria | Interrupt nerve cell membrane process, induced nerve cell membrane, paralysis, and mortality. | [122,132] |
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Ngegba, P.M.; Cui, G.; Khalid, M.Z.; Zhong, G. Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides. Agriculture 2022, 12, 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050600
Ngegba PM, Cui G, Khalid MZ, Zhong G. Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides. Agriculture. 2022; 12(5):600. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050600
Chicago/Turabian StyleNgegba, Patrick Maada, Gaofeng Cui, Muhammad Zaryab Khalid, and Guohua Zhong. 2022. "Use of Botanical Pesticides in Agriculture as an Alternative to Synthetic Pesticides" Agriculture 12, no. 5: 600. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050600