Territorial Social Innovation and Alternative Food Networks: The Case of a New Farmers’ Cooperative on the Island of Ibiza (Spain)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Justification and Research Objectives
1.2. Territorial Social Innovation and Alternative Food Networks
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection and Analysis
- Interaction: Qualitative and quantitative techniques mix and interact during the research process, not only in the findings. For example, SNA (2nd phase) is defined on the basis of lists of actors collected in the qualitative initial phase. The qualitative analysis is guided by the relationships that actors state in the SNA questionnaire.
- Multi-phase: The study adopts a sequential nature because interviews for SNA take place after the qualitative ones (at the individual level). In addition, there is concurrence as qualitative and quantitative data analyses are implemented at the same time, which contributes to information exchange between methods and adaptation.
- Integration criteria with a combined analysis: quantitative and qualitative data are integrated during the analytical phase of the research.
2.2. Territorial Context and Case Study Description
3. Results
3.1. Community Needs and Opportunities
“All the farmers used to say that they needed better commercialisation channels. The main channel was direct sales from farms. This meant they use to waste some output or that they all had the same production at the same moment. Actually, there were few farmers producing.”(ECO_02. Manager of Ecofeixes)
“I used to sell directly on the farm. That’s what all the other producers used to do before Ecofeixes. Some to small shops. But there was no way to commercialise together […] restaurants and some food shops always complained because I could not supply the same product with the security and continuity they wanted.”(ECO_12. Member of Ecofeixes)
“We want the Balearic Islands to be agroecological, and everyone else, but starting here […] The current model is destroying the land and destroying ourselves.”(ECO_14. Member of Ecofeixes)
“There is also ideology in all this. We want to present an alternative island. There is an alternative economy different from tourism and urban speculation.”(ECO_17. Member of Ecofeixes)
“The conventional product is under heavy attack by products from outside the island, while ours is differentiated. Why do you think we decided to use this product? Well, it takes care of the environment, very well, all this is very clear for us. But, as an economist, I also have to look that this is a product distinguished from others. This is the only way for farmers to get the best price for their product.”(ECO_02. Manager of Ecofeixes)
3.2. Triggers
“[…] APAEEF was led by people without any aspiration to be professional producers. This was blocking those who wanted to have agriculture as their main activity […] This whole process [the SI process] is due to the fact that all this changed. There was a change in the board of directors and farmers with more professional interests took over the management. And well, that’s how it originated.”(ECO_00. Local Action Group-LEADER)
“[…]. At the end of 2009, I came back here from London, where I was studying a master’s degree on globalisation and development. When I arrived to Ibiza, I was very active and willing to promote agriculture […] As an economist, I think we can’t just go with tourism alone. Don’t put all the eggs in one basket is what economists always say […] my aunt [ECO_05] knew about my interests. She offered me if I wanted to join APAEEF, as they needed someone to manage a new process of internal change.”(ECO_02_Manager of Ecofeixes)
3.3. Actors and Reconfiguration of Social Relations
3.3.1. The Creation of a New Network of Actors
3.3.2. New Coordination Mechanisms
3.3.3. New Attitudes
“People with very large farms and spending eight hours a day farming is not very common in Ibiza. If that happened someday, we would be able to see agriculture as a livelihood […] First of all, we are working to transform farmers into professionals because they are not professional farmers yet. Once they are professional farmers, we will make them entrepreneurs.”(ECO_02_Manager of Ecofeixes)
“It has been a bit annoying for all of us; a change of mentality. I am a producer and I was used to cultivate very nice and tiny lettuces, so beautiful… But they told me that they couldn’t sell those lettuces because consumers wanted something bigger […] It’s true. Tomorrow, those lettuces will have lost some leaves and nobody will want them […] I understood that we have to make a slightly better product, more adapted to commercialisation.”(ECO_05_Member of Ecofeixes)
3.3.4. Tensions Arising from Social Reconfigurations
“Putting clients together is a big responsibility, and you expect the others to do their job well. Besides, you make some products with the aim of making the most to sell them […] some people had a different idea […] it was a problem because there were different dynamics within Ecofeixes. Having your farm as a part-time job is different from having it as your main project. I needed a certain level of financial profitability to keep it going.”(ECO_07_Ex-member of Ecofeixes)
“In Ecofeixes, I met people who are a little bit into the permaculture movement. Some are more willing to change and others less. The impact is huge […] those who resist obtain a much lower production […] So, Ecofeixes goes in two directions. On the one hand, it has to provide services to its members, and it is totally reasonable for producers to set their own approach to farming. On the other hand, producers must also be aware—I think they are aware—that they must provide a service to the group. In order to better position Ecofeixes within the Ibiza territory, farmers have to become reliable suppliers.”(ECO_04_Representative of the consultancy company)
“The cooperative was used as another selling point. They didn’t see the cooperative as their own company. In the first year, some members even wanted to change the statutes. They said okay to planning together. But, in case they couldn’t sell all their product, Ecofeixes should pay them anyway. We obviously answered that Ecofeixes was their own company! If we have had to ask for extra money to pay them, we all would had to pay that money.”(ECO_12_Member of Ecofeixes)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Actors | Interviews’ 1st Phase (October–November 2017) | Interviews’ 2nd Phase (November–February 2018) |
---|---|---|
Public sector—Politicians | 1 | 0 |
Public sector—Practitioners | 2 | 1 |
LAG-LEADER | 1 | 0 |
Members of Ecofeixes | 11 | 11 |
Ex-members of Ecofeixes | 2 | 0 |
Agriculture advisory company | 1 | 1 |
Conventional agricultural cooperatives | 1 | 0 |
Ecologist organisation | 1 | 0 |
Total | 20 | 13 |
Social Reconfigurations | New Processes | Existing Processes That Are Reinforced |
---|---|---|
Networks | New network of farmers for producing and commercialising New leadership (manager: ECO_02) | Farmers maintain their role as producers Ibiza AFNs are expanded |
Attitudes | Professionalisation Collective action | Agroecology values are enhanced Social economy values are expanded |
Governance arrangements | Coordination by cooperation (collective production planning) Coordination by collaboration (cooperative hours, time exchange bank) Agricultural cooperative (Ecofeixes) as new coordination structure | APAEEF’s role as organisation for promoting agroecology |
Actor Code | Role | Description |
---|---|---|
A50 | Innovator, promoter and facilitator | Manager |
A16 | Follower | Practitioner from the public sector |
E7 | Promoter | Practitioner from the consulting company |
E10 | Promoter | Farmer |
E26 | Promoter | Farmer |
E30 | Promoter | Farmer |
E33 | Promoter | Farmer |
E18 | Promoter | Farmer |
A584 | Promoter | Farmer |
E49 | Promoter | Farmer |
E51 | Promoter | Farmer |
E14 | Promoter | Farmer |
A258 | Promoter | Farmer |
Levels | Trust a | Trust b | Frequency of Contact a | Frequency of Contact b |
---|---|---|---|---|
High | 65 | 85 | 8 | 22 |
Medium | 20 | 15 | 22 | 40 |
Low | 15 | 0 | 70 | 38 |
Variation | Frequency of Contact a | Trust a | Level | Frequency of Contact b | Trust b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decrease | 8 | 4 | High | 25 | 66 |
No variation | 47 | 65 | Medium | 38 | 28 |
Increase | 45 | 31 | Low | 37 | 6 |
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Vercher, N. Territorial Social Innovation and Alternative Food Networks: The Case of a New Farmers’ Cooperative on the Island of Ibiza (Spain). Agriculture 2022, 12, 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060748
Vercher N. Territorial Social Innovation and Alternative Food Networks: The Case of a New Farmers’ Cooperative on the Island of Ibiza (Spain). Agriculture. 2022; 12(6):748. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060748
Chicago/Turabian StyleVercher, Néstor. 2022. "Territorial Social Innovation and Alternative Food Networks: The Case of a New Farmers’ Cooperative on the Island of Ibiza (Spain)" Agriculture 12, no. 6: 748. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12060748