A Shortlisting Framework for Crop Diversification in the United Kingdom
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pedoclimatic Suitability Analysis
2.2. Rank Summation Index
- Nutritional traits: proximate data for carbohydrate (g 100 g−1 dry matter), protein (g 100 g−1 dry matter), lipid (g 100g−1 dry matter), vitamin A (IU), vitamin B1 (Thiamine) (mg 100 g−1 dry matter), vitamin B2 (riboflavin) (mg 100 g−1 dry matter), vitamin B3 (niacin) (mg 100 g−1 dry matter), vitamin C (mg 100 g−1 dry matter), calcium (mg 100 g−1 dry matter), iron (mg 100 g−1 dry matter), and phosphorus (mg 100 g−1 dry matter).
- Adaptivity: the adaptive capacity of the crops for drought, waterlogging, frost, and shade tolerance. In addition, soil-related traits such as salinity and acid/alkaline tolerance were included. Other traits such as weed, pest, and disease tolerance were also collected (if they were available) to compare the resilience of the crops.
- Physiological traits: although physiological parameters pertaining to crop growth are extensive, efficiency in resource uptake and output yield are deemed most important in relation to crop adaptability to marginal environments. Water-use efficiency (WUE; g kg−1) represents the dry matter that is produced per unit of water evaporated. WUE is particularly useful in comparing crops in limiting conditions [43].For this analysis, only data on WUE and potential yield were used for ranking. Crops with better mechanisms to adjust WUE to produce higher yield are deemed to have higher ability to physiologically adapt in marginal environments, increasing their utility.
- Other uses: most domesticated crops are multi-purpose, and ranking based on the number of uses is an option. Here the crops are ranked based on the number of uses other than their main purpose. Data from the literature were analysed to derive as many uses as possible for the selected crops including feed, medicinal, and industrial (additives, cosmetic, paper/textile/basketry, construction/plaiting, fuel, and biofuel).
- Germplasm: availability of crop genetic resources is vital for the wider adoption of any crop, and any diversification project involving new crops should start with identifying available accessions. In this regard, the number of global institutions working to preserve specimens or conduct research on a particular species, together with the number of accessions, are important.
- Production knowledge: collecting information about the production knowledge of crops, particularly those that are considered underutilised, is a difficult task and one that is usually neglected by academic disciplines. For this reason, information on the production knowledge was confined to only the approximate harvest time based on research that was already conducted on these crops. The production knowledge or approximate harvest time expressed as a shorter duration will be beneficial economically and in areas that are affected by climate change. This will render some crops suitable where growing seasons shrink.
3. Results
3.1. Pedoclimatic Shortlisting
3.2. Multi-Criteria Ranking
3.2.1. Nutritional Traits
3.2.2. Adaptive Traits
3.2.3. Physiological Traits
3.2.4. Other Uses
3.2.5. Germplasm
3.2.6. Production Knowledge
3.2.7. Final Rank
4. Discussion
4.1. Crop Pedoclimate Matching
4.2. Trait Ranking
4.3. A Pathway to Transformation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Highly_Suitable | Carrot | French Clover | Mountain Bromegrass | Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides) | Wase |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acacia (Acacia anticeps) | Cashew | Frost Grass | Mountain Gum | Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia) | Water Foxtail |
Acacia (Acacia pachyacra) | Catnip | Galleta Grass | Mountain Rye | Sea Kale | Wattle |
Acacia (Acacia pachycarpa) | Caucasian Clover | Gama Grass | Mulga | Sea Orach | Waxy Saltbush |
Adzuki Bean | Cauliflower | Gama Medick | Murray Pine | Serradella | Weeping Lovegrass |
African Bermudagrass | Chamborote | Garden Angelica | Mutton Grass | Sesame | Weeping Myall |
African Fleabane | Chamomile | Garden Burnet | Myall-gidgee | Sewan Grass | Western Australian Swamp She-oak |
African Foxtail | Chebulic Myrobalan | Garden Orach | ked Oat | Seymour Grass | Western Wheatgrass |
Alder | Chee Grass | Garden Pea | rbon Vetch | Shadscale | White Clover |
Aleppo Pine | Chervil | Garden Thyme | rrow-leaved Peppermint ‘subsp. radiata’ | Shafshoof Ain Seela | White Fir |
Algarrobo Blanco | Chestnut | Gardner Saltbush | rrow-leaved Peppermint ‘subsp. robusta’ | Sharp-crapped Mallee | White Ironbark |
Algerian Oat | Chewing’s Fescue ‘var. commutata’ | Gean | rrowleaf Trefoil | Sheep Fescue | White Lupin |
Alkali Sacaton | Chickling Vetch | Ghilghoza Pine | Necklace-Pod Alyce Clover | Shining Gum | White Mustard |
Almond | Chickpea | Giant Crowfoot | Needle Grass (Aristida penta) | Shoestring Acacia | White Pea |
Alsike Clover | Chilean Strawberry | Giant Hopbush ‘subsp. angustifolia’ | Needle Grass (Stipa barbata) | Showy Milkweed | White Peppermint |
American Beachgrass | Chi Jute | Giant Wildrye | Needle Grass (Stipa breviflora) | Shrubby She-oak | White-tip Clover |
American Beech | Chinese Pear | Gidgee | Needle Grass (Stipa caucasica) | Siberian Wheatgrass | Whitewood |
American Licorice | Chinese Pine | Gimlet | Needle Grass (Stipa grandis) | Side-oats Grama | Wild Celery |
American Sloughgrass | Chinese Tamarisk | Globe Artichoke | Needle Grass (Stipa krylovii) | Silver Wattle | Wild Crab |
Amethyst’ Purple Raspberry | Chives | Gobi Needle Grass | Nepalese Alder | Silvery Birdsfoot Trefoil | Wild Oat |
Andean Lupin | Cicer Milkvetch | Golden Wreath Wattle | Nissi | Simon Poplar | Wild Strawberry |
Annual Bluegrass | Cleistogenes chinensis | Goose Foot | Northern She-oak | Sii Meadow Grass | Wild Thyme |
Annual Bristle Grass | Club Wheat | Gooseberry | Nussi | Slender Wheatgrass | Wimmera Ryegrass |
Annual Ryegrass | Coast Green Wattle | Goosefoot | Oat | Slough Grass | Wolf Needle Grass |
Argan | Cocksfoot | Grecian Foxglove | Oca. | Small Buffalo Grass | Wool Grass |
Arizo Cypress | Cogwheel Medick | Green Arrow Arum | Ochrus Vetch | Small Reed Mace | Woolly Clover |
Arundinella Grass (Arundinella hirta) | Colonial Bentgrass | Green Cabbage | Oldman Saltbush | Small-flowered Feather Grass | Yacon |
As Tree | Common Club-rush | Green Spich | Onions ‘var. cepa’ | Smilograss | Yapunyah |
Asparagus | Common Elder | Hairy-stem Gooseberry | Onobrychis scrobiculata | Smooth Brome | Yellow Alfalfa |
Athel Tree | Common Foxglove | Hard Fescue | Painted Daisy | Smooth Pigweed | Yellow Bluegrass |
Australian Beech | Common Kidney Vetch | Harding Grass | Pangola Grass | Ske Wood | Yellow Box |
Ayacahuite Pine ‘var. brachyptera’ | Common Myrtle | Hardy Kiwi | Papaw | Soliane | Yellow Lupin |
Balsam Fir | Common Plum | Hare’s-foot Clover | Parsnip | Sorghum | Yellow Marsh Marigold |
Bano | Common Red Ribes | Hartweg’s Pine | Pecan | Sour Cherry | Yellow Sweet Clover |
Bard Vetch | Common Reed | Hazel Nut | Pepper Tree | Southernwood | York Gum |
Bardi Bush | Common Sunflower | Hemp/Marijua | Peppermint | Spanish Broom | Zig-zag Clover |
Barley | Common Vetch | Hemp/Marijua ‘var. indica’ | Perennial Ryegrass | Spear Wattle | |
Barnyard Grass | Common Wheat | Himalayan Cypress | Perennial Veldtgrass | Spelt Wheat | |
Barrel Medick | Common Yellow Melilot | Himalayan White Pine | Persian Clover | Spotted Bur Clover | |
Basin Wildrye | Coobah/Swamp Wattle | Holly Oak | Persian Poppy | Standard Crested Wheatgrass | |
Bay Leaves | Coolibah | Hoop Pine | Ponderosa Pine | Sterile Oat | |
Big Bluestem | Coovittra Wattle | Hop | Poppy | Stiff Hair Wheatgrass | |
Bigleaf Mint | Coriander | Hop Clover | Pot Marigold | Strand Medick | |
Bilsted | Couch Grass | Hordeum brevisubulatum | Potato | Strawberry | |
Bird’s-foot Trefoil | Cranberry | Horehound | Powderbark Wandoo | Strawberry Clover | |
Bitter Potato | Creeping Bentgrass | Horseradish | Prairie Junegrass | Streambank Wheatgrass | |
Bitter Vetch | Creeping Foxtail | Hungarian Vetch | Pretty Birdsfoot Trefoil | Subterranean Clover | |
Black Bentgrass | Crested Wheatgrass | Hyacinth Bean | Puccinellia tenuiflora | Sugar Beet | |
Black Box | Cucumber Tree | Hyssop | Pumpkin | Sugar Maple | |
Black Gidgee | Cupped Clover | Idaho Fescue | Purple Vetch | Sulla | |
Black Gram | Curly Dock | Intermediate Wheatgrass | Quackgrass | Sulla Annuel | |
Black Medick | Cut-tail Gum | Irrara | Quail Bush | Sulla Epineux | |
Black Mustard | Cutleaf Clover | Jammi (Prosopis cineraria) | Quandong | Sulla Pale | |
Black Oak | Dandelion | Jammi (Prosopis spicigera) | Quince | Sulla Rose | |
Black Oak ‘subsp. pauper’ | Desert Gum | Japanese Apricot | Quinoa | Sumol Grass | |
Black Raspberry | Desert She-oak | Japanese Clover | Rapeseed | Sunn Hemp | |
Black Saxaul | Desert Wattle | Japanese Mint ‘var. piperascens’ | Raspberry Jam Wattle | Swamp Gum | |
Black Walnut | Deyeuxia angustifolia | Jerusalem Artichoke | Red Alder | Swamp She-oak | |
Bladder Saltbush | Dhok | Joint Vetch | Red Clover | Swede | |
Bladder-pod | Dill | Jungle Rice | Red Current | Sweet Acacia | |
Blessed Thistle | Dundas Mahogany | Kaliptis | Red Fescue ‘var. Rubra’ | Sweet Belladon | |
Blue Grama | Dune Wattle | Kangaroo Grass | Red Ironbark | Sweet Clover | |
Blue Grass | Durango Pine | Karira Tree | Red Mallee | Sweet Pumpkin | |
Blue Lupin | Durum Wheat | Kentucky Bluegrass | Red River Gum | Sweet Wormwood | |
Blue Lupine | Dwarf Feather Grass | Kenya White Clover | Red Wattle | Sweet-pitted Grass | |
Blue Panic | Dyer’s-greenweed | Kharsu Oak | Redwood | Sydney Blue Gum | |
Blue Wildrye | Eelgrass | Korshinsk Pea Shrub | Reed Cary-grass | Tagasaste | |
Bluebunch Wheatgrass | Egyptian Clover | Kosso | Reed Mace | Tall Fescue | |
Bluejack Oak | Egyptian Thorn | Lamb’s-quarters | Rhodes Grass | Tall Wheatgrass | |
Bodalla Wattle | Eilig | Latzs Wattle | Rhubarb | Tamarugo | |
Boer Lovegrass | Emmer | Least Hop Clover | Ricegrass | Tarragon | |
Borage | English Walnut | Leatherwood | Rock She-oak | Tauri Wheatgrass | |
Bramble Wattle | Eragrostis pilosa | Lecheguilla | Rocket | Teff | |
Brigalow | Esculent Birdsfoot Trefoil | Lehmann’s Love Grass | Rocoto Pepper | Thickspike Wheatgrass | |
Brown Bentgrass | Esparto | Lentil | Rooikrans | Thousand Head Kale | |
Brussels Sprouts | Europaen Beachgrass | Liquorice | Rose Clover | Tifton Medick | |
Buffalo Gourd | European Beech ‘subsp. sylvatica’ | Littleleaf Caraga | Rosemary | Tiger Nut | |
Buffalo Grass (Buchloe dactyloides) | European Larch | Lovage | Rottnest Island Pine | Timothy | |
Bulbous Barley | European Oregano | Low-bush Blueberry | Rough Bluegrass | Tobacco | |
Bulbous Bluegrass | European Pennyroyal | Luzerne Escargot | Rough Grass | Tobosa Grass | |
Bullamon Lucerne | European Raspberry ‘subsp. idaeus’ | Maca Root | Russian Brome Grass | Tomato | |
Bur Clover | Exotheca | Maharukh | Russian Olive | Tree-of-heaven | |
Burrows Wattle | False Acacia | Mallee | Russian Wildrye | Trifolium pilulare | |
Bushgrass | Fava Bean | Mallee Pine | Rye | Triple awned grass | |
Bushman’s Tea | Feather Grass | Marsh Bird’s-foot Trefoil | Safflower | Triticale | |
Bushveld Sigl Grass | Fennel-flower | Mashua | Saffron | Turnip Rape | |
Butter Bur | Fenugreek | Meadow Fescue | Sage | Ulluco | |
Caley Pea | Field Clover | Meadow Foxtail | Sainfoin | Umbrella Mulga | |
California Bur Clover | Fig Plant | Meadow Oat Grass | Salix gordejevii | Umbrella Thorn (Acacia tortilis) | |
Calvary Clover | Filbert | Meadow Saffron | Salmon Gum Tree | Vanilla Grass | |
Cada Bluegrass | Fine Stem Stylo ‘var. intermedia’ | Meadowfoam | Salsify | Variegated Alfalfa | |
Cada Wildrye | Finger Millet | Mediterranean Orchard Grass ‘subsp. hispanica’ | Salt River Mallet | Vasey Grass | |
Cary Grass | Fish Hook Wattle | Mexican Tea | Salt Wattle | Velvet Bentgrass | |
Canihua | Flat-topped Yate | Minni Ritchi | Sand Bluestem | Velvet Hill Wattle | |
Canyon Live Oak | Flax | Mohru Tree | Sand Love Grass | Victoria Spring Mallee | |
Caper (Capparis spinosa) | Forest Red Gum | Mongolian Pines ‘var. mongholica’ | Sandplain Wattle | Virginia Strawberry | |
Caraway | Fourwing Saltbush | Mongolian Wheatgrass | Scallion | Vuda Blue Grass | |
Cardoon | Foxtail Millet | Mooh | Schilf | Wandoo | |
Cardyne Vetch | French Bean | Mountain Brome | Scotch Pine | Wanza |
Crop | Carbohydrate | Rank | Protein | Rank | Fat | Rank | RS_Nut | Rank_Nut | Vitamin A | Rank | Vita B1 | Rank | Vita B2 | Rank | Vita B3 | Rank | Vita C | Rank | RS_Vit | Rank_Vit | Calcium | Rank | Iron | Rank | Phosphorus | Rank | RS_Min | Rank_Min | RS_Nutrition | Rank_Nutrition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Triticale | 72.13 | 2 | 10.4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.42 | 2 | 0.133 | 2 | 1.43 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 37 | 1 | 332 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
Bulbous Barley | 73.48 | 1 | 12.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 6.6 | 1 | 0.65 | 1 | 0.29 | 1 | 4.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 33 | 2 | 3.36 | 2 | 264 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
Colonial Bentgrass | 69.67 | 1 | 14.76 | 2 | 2.5 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 33 | 2 | 2.67 | 2 | 332 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
Brown Bentgrass | 69.67 | 1 | 14.76 | 2 | 2.5 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 33 | 2 | 2.67 | 2 | 332 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
Dune Wattle | 63.7 | 3 | 20.3 | 1 | 5.2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 1 | 0 | 0 | BDL | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 141 | 1 | 4.8 | 1 | 227 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Tall Wheatgras | 0.0001 | 4 | 24.5 | 1 | 0.06 | 4 | 9 | 4 | 16.42 | 2 | 0.08 | 4 | 0.13 | 4 | 0.0011 | 4 | 0.22 | 3 | 17 | 4 | 428 | 1 | 24.8 | 1 | 400 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 9 | 4 |
Reed Mace | 51 | 1 | 6.7 | 4 | 2.3 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 24 | 1 | 0.321 | 2 | 0.448 | 2 | 0.001 | 3 | 21 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 252 | 2 | 14 | 3 | 110 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 2 |
Sulla Rose | 8.3 | 3 | 14.3 | 2 | 3.2 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 580.5 | 1 | 445.5 | 1 | 0.41 | 2 | 310 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1.63 | 4 | 20 | 2 | 0.26 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 7 | 2 |
Russian Wildrye | 48.3 | 2 | 8.5 | 3 | 3.3 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.32 | 3 | 0.25 | 3 | 4.27 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 73 | 3 | 2.83 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 6 | 1 |
Sea Buckthorn | 324.8 | 1 | 4.55 | 1 | 4.43 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 296 | 1 | 0.14 | 1 | 30.9 | 1 | 0.7 | 1 | 7280 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 192.5 | 1 | 39.9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Quandong | 29.95 | 2 | 2.25 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 20 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 28 | 2 | 3.48 | 2 | 20.35 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 6 | 2 |
Spear Wattle | 63.7 | 1 | 20.3 | 1 | 5.2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 141 | 1 | 4.8 | 1 | 227 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
Bramble Wattle | 78.4 | 1 | 18.56 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2.2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 2 |
Blue Lupine | 26.6 | 3 | 41.4 | 1 | 5.4 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.53 | 1 | 0.28 | 1 | 3.24 | 2 | 0.04 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 150 | 1 | 6.15 | 1 | 740 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
White Pea | 55.15 | 2 | 26.5 | 2 | 0.2 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 30 | 1 | 0.48 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3.4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 60 | 2 | 5.4 | 2 | 0.49 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 3 |
Scallion | 9.34 | 1 | 1.1 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0.001 | 1 | 0.046 | 1 | 0.027 | 1 | 0.116 | 1 | 31.2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 23 | 1 | 0.21 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Sandplain Wattle | 63.7 | 3 | 20.3 | 1 | 5.2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0.04 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 141 | 3 | 4.8 | 3 | 227 | 1 | 7 | 3 | 6 | 3 |
Shoestring Acacia | 87.05 | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.13 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.18 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 366.37 | 1 | 25.41 | 1 | 2.96 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Coonavittra Wattle | 87.05 | 1 | 0.5 | 2 | 0.13 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.18 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 366.37 | 1 | 25.41 | 1 | 2.96 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Velvet Bentgrass | 69.68 | 1 | 14.76 | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 1 | 2.67 | 1 | 332 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Onions ‘var. cepa’ | 0.34 | 2 | 1.1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.046 | 2 | 0.027 | 2 | 0.116 | 2 | 7.4 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 23 | 1 | 0.21 | 2 | 29 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
Ochrus Vetch | 52.3 | 1 | 34.6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3.49 | 1 | 0.46 | 1 | 0.23 | 1 | 1.64 | 1 | 13.5 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0.0095 | 2 | 0.782 | 1 | 0.043 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 |
References
- Beillouin, D.; Ben-Ari, T.; Malézieux, E.; Seufert, V.; Makowski, D. Positive but Variable Effects of Crop Diversification on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2021, 27, 4697–4710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jones, S.K.; Sánchez, A.C.; Beillouin, D.; Juventia, S.D.; Mosnier, A.; Remans, R.; Estrada Carmona, N. Achieving Win-Win Outcomes for Biodiversity and Yield through Diversified Farming. Basic Appl. Ecol. 2023, 67, 14–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lichtenberg, E.M.; Kennedy, C.M.; Kremen, C.; Batáry, P.; Berendse, F.; Bommarco, R.; Bosque-Pérez, N.A.; Carvalheiro, L.G.; Snyder, W.E.; Williams, N.M.; et al. A Global Synthesis of the Effects of Diversified Farming Systems on Arthropod Diversity within Fields and across Agricultural Landscapes. Glob. Chang. Biol. 2017, 23, 4946–4957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Lin, B.B. Resilience in Agriculture through Crop Diversification: Adaptive Management for Environmental Change. BioScience 2011, 61, 183–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qadir, M.; Tubeileh, A.; Akhtar, J.; Larbi, A.; Minhas, P.S.; Khan, M.A. Productivity Enhancement of Salt-Affected Environ-ments through Crop Diversification. Land Degrad. Dev. 2008, 19, 429–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Massawe, F.J.; Mayes, S.; Cheng, A.; Chai, H.H.; Cleasby, P.; Symonds, R.; Ho, W.K.; Siise, A.; Wong, Q.N.; Kendabie, P.; et al. The Potential for Underutilised Crops to Improve Food Security in the Face of Climate Change. Procedia Environ. Sci. 2015, 29, 140–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kumar, M.; Kumar, R.; Rangnamei, K.; Das, A.; Meena, L.K.; Rajkhowa, D.J. Crop Diversification for Enhancing the Productivity for Food and Nutritional Security under the Eastern Himalayas. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 2019, 89, 1157–1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mengistu, D.D.; Degaga, D.T.; Tsehay, A.S. Analyzing the Contribution of Crop Diversification in Improving Household Food Security among Wheat Dominated Rural Households in Sinana District, Bale Zone, Ethiopia. Agric. Food Secur. 2021, 10, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scott, P. Global Panel on Agriculture and Food Systems for Nutrition: Food Systems and Diets: Facing the Challenges of the 21st Century. Food Secur. 2017, 9, 653–654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Padulosi, S.; Heywood, V.; Hunter, D.; Jarvis, A. Underutilized Species and Climate Change: Current Status and Outlook. Crop Adapt. Clim. Chang. 2011, 507–521. [Google Scholar]
- Azam-Ali, S.N. The Ninth Revolution: Transforming Food Systems for Good; World Scientific Publishing Company: Hackensack, NJ, USA, 2021; ISBN 9789811236440. [Google Scholar]
- Khoshbakht, K.; Hammer, K. How Many Plant Species Are Cultivated? Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 2008, 55, 925–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Padulosi, S.; Cawthorn, D.-M.; Meldrum, G.; Flore, R.; Halloran, A.; Mattei, F. Leveraging Neglected and Underutilized Plant, Fungi, and Animal Species for More Nutrition Sensitive and Sustainable Food Systems. In Encyclopedia of Food Security and Sustainability; Ferranti, P., Berry, E.M., Anderson, J.R., Eds.; Elsevier: Oxford, UK, 2019; pp. 361–370. ISBN 978-0-12-812688-2. [Google Scholar]
- Lockeretz, W. Agricultural Diversification by Crop Introduction. Food Policy 1988, 13, 154–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Statistics on Obesity, Physical Activity and Diet, England. Available online: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet/statistics-on-obesity-physical-activity-and-diet-england-2019 (accessed on 29 November 2022).
- The EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health—EAT Knowledge. Available online: https://eatforum.org/eat-lancet-commission/ (accessed on 3 March 2021).
- Rollett, A.; Williams, J. 2021-22 Soil Policy Evidence Programme—ALC Technical Review Scoping Study; Report Code: SPEP2021-22/02; ADAS: Helsby, UK, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Bell, G.; Naumann, E.-K. Capability, Suitability and Climate Programme: Application of ALC and UKCP18 Data for Modelling Crop Suitability; Report: CSCP09; Environment Systems Ltd.: Aberystwyth, UK, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Knight, S. Review of Opportunities for Diversifying UK Agriculture through Investment in Underutilised Crops: Defra Project; NIAB: Cambridge, UK, 2023. [Google Scholar]
- Mabhaudhi, T.; Chimonyo, V.G.P.; Chibarabada, T.P.; Modi, A.T. Developing a Roadmap for Improving Neglected and Un-derutilized Crops: A Case Study of South Africa. Front. Plant Sci. 2017, 8, 2143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wimalasiri, E.M.; Jahanshiri, E.; Perego, A.; Azam-Ali, S.N. A Novel Crop Shortlisting Method for Sustainable Agricultural Diversification across Italy. Agronomy 2022, 12, 1636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hijmans, R.J.; Guarino, L.; Cruz, M.; Rojas, E. Computer Tools for Spatial Analysis of Plant Genetic Resources Data: 1. DI-VA-GIS. Plant Genet. Resour. Newsl. 2001, 127, 15–19. [Google Scholar]
- Ramirez-Villegas, J.; Jarvis, A.; Läderach, P. Empirical Approaches for Assessing Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture: The EcoCrop Model and a Case Study with Grain Sorghum. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2013, 170, 67–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piikki, K.; Winowiecki, L.; Vågen, T.-G.; Ramirez-Villegas, J.; Söderström, M. Improvement of Spatial Modelling of Crop Suitability Using a New Digital Soil Map of Tanzania. S. Afr. J. Plant Soil 2017, 34, 243–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jahanshiri, E.; Mohd Nizar, N.M.; Suhairi, T.A.S.T.M.; Gregory, P.J.; Mohamed, A.S.; Wimalasiri, E.M.; Azam-Ali, S.N. A Land Evaluation Framework for Agricultural Diversification. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Costanzo, A. Searchable Database on Performance Results of Underutilised Genetic Resources—DIVERSIFOOD Project. Available online: https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/39684/ (accessed on 4 January 2023).
- Mohd Nizar, N.M.; Jahanshiri, E.; Tharmandram, A.S.; Salama, A.; Mohd Sinin, S.S.; Abdullah, N.J.; Zolkepli, H.; Wimalasiri, E.M.; Suhairi, T.A.S.T.M.; Hussin, H.; et al. Underutilised Crops Database for Supporting Agricultural Diversification. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2021, 180, 105920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nizar, N.M.M.; Jahanshiri, E.; Sinin, S.S.M.; Wimalasiri, E.M.; Suhairi, T.A.S.T.M.; Gregory, P.J.; Azam-Ali, S.N. Open Data to Support Agricultural Diversification (Version October 2020). Data Brief 2021, 35, 106781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Azam-Ali, S.N.; Sesay, A.; Karikari, S.K.; Massawe, F.J.; Aguilar-Manjarrez, J.; Bannayan, M.; Hampson, K.J. Assessing the Potential of an Underutilized Crop-a Case Study Using Bambara Groundnut. Exp. Agric. 2001, 37, 433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mugiyo, H.; Chimonyo, V.G.P.; Kunz, R.; Sibanda, M.; Nhamo, L.; Ramakgahlele Masemola, C.; Modi, A.T.; Mabhaudhi, T. Mapping the Spatial Distribution of Underutilised Crop Species under Climate Change Using the MaxEnt Model: A Case of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Clim. Serv. 2022, 28, 100330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wimalasiri, E.M.; Jahanshiri, E.; Chimonyo, V.; Azam-Ali, S.N.; Gregory, P.J. Crop Model Ideotyping for Agricultural Diver-sification. MethodsX 2021, 8, 101420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, C.; Liu, B.; Xiao, L.; Hoogenboom, G.; Boote, K.J.; Kassie, B.T.; Pavan, W.; Shelia, V.; Kim, K.S.; Hernandez-Ochoa, I.M.; et al. A SIMPLE Crop Model. Eur. J. Agron. 2019, 104, 97–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jahanshiri, E.; Goh, E.V.; Wimalasiri, E.M.; Azam-Ali, S.; Mayes, S.; Suhairi, T.A.S.T.M.; Mohd Nizar, N.M.; Mohd Sinin, S.S. The Potential of Bambara Groundnut: An Analysis for the People’s Republic of China. Food Energy Secur. 2022, 11, e358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wimalasiri, E.M.; Jahanshiri, E.; Chimonyo, V.G.P.; Kuruppuarachchi, N.; Suhairi, T.A.S.T.M.; Azam-Ali, S.N.; Gregory, P.J. A Framework for the Development of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Crop for the Future in Tropical Environments. Ind. Crops Prod. 2021, 172, 113999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hollis, D.; McCarthy, M.; Kendon, M.; Legg, T.; Simpson, I. HadUK-Grid—A New UK Dataset of Gridded Climate Observations. Geosci. Data J. 2019, 6, 151–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bivand, R.S.; Pebesma, E.; Gómez-Rubio, V. Applied Spatial Data Analysis with R.; Use R! 2nd ed.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2013; ISBN 978-1-4614-7617-7. [Google Scholar]
- Pebesma, E. Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data. R J. 2018, 10, 439–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- R Core Team. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Hijmans, R.J.; Bivand, R.; Forner, K.; Ooms, J.; Pebesma, E. Terra: Spatial Data Analysis; CRAN: Vienna, Austria, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Wickham, H. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2016; ISBN 978-3-319-24277-4. [Google Scholar]
- GADM. GADM Maps and Data. Available online: www.gadm.org (accessed on 5 October 2022).
- GBIF.org. GBIF Occurrence Download 2022. Available online: https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.ep6dhx (accessed on 27 October 2022).
- Doorenbos, J.; Kassam, A.H. Yield Response to Water; FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 33; FAO: Rome, Italy, 1979. [Google Scholar]
- AHDB Where Are Cereals Grown and Processed in the UK? Available online: https://ahdb.org.uk/knowledge-library/where-are-cereals-grown-and-processed-in-the-uk (accessed on 15 October 2022).
- USDA United Kingdom Wheat Area, Yield and Production 2017–2019. Available online: https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/countrysummary/Default.aspx?id=UK&crop=Wheat (accessed on 22 January 2023).
- Wimalasiri, E.M.; Jahanshiri, E.; Suhairi, T.A.S.T.M.; Udayangani, H.; Mapa, R.B.; Karunaratne, A.S.; Vidhanarachchi, L.P.; Azam-Ali, S.N. Basic Soil Data Requirements for Process-Based Crop Models as a Basis for Crop Diversification. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7781. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malone, B.P.; Kidd, D.B.; Minasny, B.; McBratney, A.B. Taking Account of Uncertainties in Digital Land Suitability Assessment. PeerJ 2015, 3, e1366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mugiyo, H.; Chimonyo, V.G.P.; Sibanda, M.; Kunz, R.; Masemola, C.R.; Modi, A.T.; Mabhaudhi, T. Evaluation of Land Suit-ability Methods with Reference to Neglected and Underutilised Crop Species: A Scoping Review. Land 2021, 10, 125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, D.; Chen, H.W. Using the Köppen Classification to Quantify Climate Variation and Change: An Example for 1901–2010. Environ. Dev. 2013, 6, 69–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paut, R.; Sabatier, R.; Tchamitchian, M. Reducing Risk through Crop Diversification: An Application of Portfolio Theory to Diversified Horticultural Systems. Agric. Syst. 2019, 168, 123–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alcon, F.; Marín-Miñano, C.; Zabala, J.A.; de-Miguel, M.-D.; Martínez-Paz, J.M. Valuing Diversification Benefits through Intercropping in Mediterranean Agroecosystems: A Choice Experiment Approach. Ecol. Econ. 2020, 171, 106593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lawley, R. The Soil-Parent Material Database: A User Guide; British Geological Survey Internal Report OR/08/034; Natural Environment Research Council: Swindon, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Cho, K.; Falloon, P.; Gornall, J.; Betts, R.; Clark, R. Winter Wheat Yields in the UK: Uncertainties in Climate and Management Impacts. Clim. Res. 2012, 54, 49–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hackney & Co Design. Cyprus Vetch (Louvana) Salad with a Sweet Vinaigrette. Available online: https://www.pinterest.ca/pin/a-cyprus-food-blog-cyprus-vetch-louvana-salad-with-a-sweet-vinaigrette--58898707604141259/ (accessed on 29 December 2022).
- Cyprus Highlights. Forgotten Tastes of Cyprus. Available online: https://www.cyprushighlights.com/en/forgotten-tastes-cyprus/axik/ (accessed on 29 December 2022).
- Andersson, L. Anna Westerbergh Researches Perennial Wheat and Barley: “I Want to Revolutionize the Way We Grow Our Food.”; Axfoundation: Stockholm, Sweden, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Braun, R.C.; Bremer, D.J.; Ebdon, J.S.; Fry, J.D.; Patton, A.J. Review of Cool-Season Turfgrass Water Use and Requirements: II. Responses to Drought Stress. Crop Sci. 2022, 62, 1685–1701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colonial and Highland Bentgrass. Available online: https://agsci.oregonstate.edu/beaverturf/colonial-and-highland-bentgrass (accessed on 13 March 2023).
- Wang, Z.; Lehmann, D.; Bell, J.; Hopkins, A. Development of an Efficient Plant Regeneration System for Russian Wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea). Plant Cell Rep. 2002, 20, 797–801. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, A.; Kumar, P.; Sharma, A.; Sharma, D.P.; Thakur, M. Scientific Insights to Existing Know-How, Breeding, Genetics, and Biotechnological Interventions Pave the Way for the Adoption of High-Value Underutilized Super Fruit Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.). S. Afr. J. Bot. 2022, 145, 348–359. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lo, B.; Kasapis, S.; Farahnaky, A. Lupin Protein: Isolation and Techno-Functional Properties, a Review. Food Hydrocoll. 2021, 112, 106318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qureshi, A.S. Sustainable Use of Marginal Lands to Improve Food Security in the United Arab Emirates. J. Exp. Biol. Agric. Sci. 2017, 5, 41–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ward, F.M. Uses of Gum Arabic (Acacia sp.) in the Food and Pharmaceutical Industries. In Cell and Developmental Biology of Arabinogalactan-Proteins; Nothnagel, E.A., Bacic, A., Clarke, A.E., Eds.; Springer US: Boston, MA, USA, 2000; pp. 231–239. ISBN 978-1-4615-4207-0. [Google Scholar]
- Nguyen, V.; Riley, S.; Nagel, S.; Fisk, I.; Searle, I.R. Common Vetch: A Drought Tolerant, High Protein Neglected Leguminous Crop With Potential as a Sustainable Food Source. Front. Plant Sci. 2020, 11, 818. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yapi, T.S.; Shackleton, C.M.; Le Maitre, D.C.; Dziba, L.E. Local Peoples’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Australian Wattle (Acacia) Species Invasion, Ecosystem Services and Disservices in Grassland Landscapes, South Africa. Ecosyst. People 2023, 19, 2177495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Medicinal Properties and Health Benefits of Green Onion (Scallion). Available online: https://www.pyroenergen.com/articles09/green-onions-scallion.htm (accessed on 13 March 2023).
- Arulselvan, P.; Wen, C.-C.; Lan, C.-W.; Chen, Y.-H.; Wei, W.-C.; Yang, N.-S. Dietary Administration of Scallion Extract Effectively Inhibits Colorectal Tumor Growth: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Mice. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e44658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allison, R. The New Crops That Could Soon Profit UK Farmers. Available online: https://www.fwi.co.uk/arable/crop-selection/market-opportunities/the-new-crops-that-could-soon-profit-uk-farmers (accessed on 4 January 2023).
- Cutress, D. Unlocking the Potential of Alternative Crops: New Income and Environmental Sustainability. Available online: https://businesswales.gov.wales/farmingconnect/news-and-events/technical-articles/unlocking-potential-alternative-crops-new-income-and-environmental-sustainability (accessed on 4 January 2023).
- UKRI. Crop Diversification Can Help the Agricultural Sector Become More Productive and Sustainable. Available online: https://ktn-uk.org/news/crop-diversification-can-help-the-agricultural-sector-become-more-productive-and-sustainable/ (accessed on 4 January 2023).
- Jahanshiri, E.; Walker, S. Agricultural Knowledge-Based Systems at the Age of Semantic Technologies. IJKE 2015, 1, 64–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fanzo, J.; Haddad, L.; McLaren, R.; Marshall, Q.; Davis, C.; Herforth, A.; Jones, A.; Beal, T.; Tschirley, D.; Bellows, A.; et al. The Food Systems Dashboard Is a New Tool to Inform Better Food Policy. Nat. Food 2020, 1, 243–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manna, P.; Bonfante, A.; Perego, A.; Acutis, M.; Jahanshiri, E.; Ali, S.A.; Basile, A.; Terribile, F. LANDSUPPORT DSS Approach for Crop Adaptation Evaluation to the Combined Effect of Climate Change and Soil Spatial Variability. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts; European Geosciences Union: Munich, Germany, 2019; Volume 21, p. 15457. [Google Scholar]
Data | Type/Format | Source |
---|---|---|
Administrative areas | Geospatial/Shapefile | Global Administrative Areas (2012) [41] |
Meteorological data | Geospatial/GeoTiff | UK Meteorological Office [35] |
Soil data | Geospatial/Shapefile | British Geological Survey https://www.bgs.ac.uk (accessed on 1 October 2022)) |
Ecological data | Tabular/CSV | Global knowledge base for underutilised crops [27] |
Wheat special occurrence | Tabular/M.S. Excel | Global Biodiversity Information Facility database [42] |
Crop trait data | Tabular/reports, peer reviewed articles, etc. | Various sources (see https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7670659 (accessed on 5 March 2023) for a complete list) |
Name | Scientific Name | Mean | Cover | Family | Types | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colonial Bentgrass | Agrostis tenuis | 88.8 | 39.7 | Poaceae | Fodder | Ornamental/landscape | Turf | |||||
Velvet Bentgrass | Agrostis canina | 85.7 | 33.0 | Poaceae | Ornamental/landscape | |||||||
Bramble Wattle | Acacia victoriae | 93.2 | 32.0 | Leguminosae | Legumes | Medicinal | Industrial | Energy | ||||
European Larch | Larix decidua | 90.1 | 31.4 | Pinaceae | - | |||||||
Tall Wheatgrass | Agropyron elongatum | 93.5 | 27.6 | Poaceae | Forage | Fodder | Environmental | Energy | Industrial | |||
Brown Bentgrass | Agrostis trinii | 88.5 | 27.1 | Poaceae | Fodder | |||||||
Rough Grass | Cleistogenes squarrosa | 91.4 | 25.7 | Poaceae | Forage | |||||||
Sandplain Wattle | Acacia murrayana | 91.2 | 24.6 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Quail Bush | Atriplex lentiformis | 95.2 | 19.7 | Amaranthaceae | Forage | |||||||
Frost Grass | Spodiopogon sibiricus | 85.1 | 19.7 | Poaceae | Ornamental/landscape | |||||||
Sea Buckthorn | Hippophae rhamnoides | 93.9 | 18.6 | Elaeagnaceae | Fruits | Beverage | Medicinal | Industrial | ||||
Acacia | Acacia pachyacra | 93.2 | 17.7 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Mongolian Wheatgrass | Agropyron mongolicum | 90.3 | 9.0 | Poaceae | Forage | |||||||
European Beech | Fagus sylvatica subsp. sylvatica | 92.9 | 8.9 | Fagaceae | Fodder | Forage | Ornamental/landscape | Environmental | Industrial | Medicinal | ||
Oldman Saltbush | Atriplex nummularia | 92.8 | 7.6 | Amaranthaceae | Forage | Ornamental/landscape | ||||||
Triticale | Secale cereale x Triticum aestivum | 90.5 | 7.1 | Poaceae | Cereals | Fodder | Industrial | |||||
Gardner Saltbush | Atriplex gardneri | 97.5 | 6.2 | Amaranthaceae | Forage | |||||||
Bulbous Barley | Hordeum bulbosum | 95.1 | 5.0 | Poaceae | Cereals | |||||||
Reed Mace | Typha latifolia | 83.7 | 4.9 | Typhaceae | Forage | Fodder | Starchy | roots/tubers | Environmental | Energy | Ornamental/landscape | Medicinal |
Water Foxtail | Alopecurus geniculatus | 87.1 | 4.6 | Poaceae | grain | |||||||
Arundinella Grass | Arundinella hirta | 83.7 | 4.5 | Poaceae | Forage | |||||||
White Fir | Abies concolor | 82.6 | 4.5 | Pinaceae | Medicinal | |||||||
Blue Lupine | Lupinus angustifolius | 91.3 | 4.3 | Leguminosae | Legumes | Environmental | (nitrogen | fixer) | ||||
Shoestring Acacia | Acacia stenophylla | 87.3 | 4.3 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Coonavittra Wattle | Acacia jennerae | 91.5 | 4.2 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Needle Grass | Stipa caucasica | 95.8 | 4.0 | Poaceae | Fodder | |||||||
Bladder-pod | Lesquerella fendleri | 95.9 | 3.9 | Brassicaceae | Oilseed | |||||||
Bushgrass | Calamagrostis epigejos | 83.4 | 3.9 | Poaceae | Ornamental/landscape | Environmental | ||||||
Low-bush Blueberry | Vaccinium angustifolium | 83.3 | 3.8 | Ericaceae | Fruits | Beverage | ||||||
White Pea | Lathyrus sativus | 96.9 | 3.6 | Leguminosae | Legumes | |||||||
Bulbous Bluegrass | Poa bulbosa | 92.8 | 3.1 | Poaceae | Forage | Environmental | ||||||
Ochrus Vetch | Lathyrus ochrus | 94.0 | 3.0 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Russian Brome Grass | Bromus tomentellus | 93.7 | 2.9 | Poaceae | Forage | Environmental | ||||||
Bluebunch Wheatgrass | Agropyron spicatum | 92.7 | 2.6 | Poaceae | Forage | |||||||
Wolf Needle Grass | Stipa baicalensis | 87.4 | 2.6 | Poaceae | Forage | Fodder | ||||||
American Beech | Fagus grandifolia | 79.9 | 2.6 | Fagaceae | Industrial | |||||||
Tamarugo | Prosopis tamarugo | 89.8 | 2.5 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Fourwing Saltbush | Atriplex canescens | 90.9 | 2.4 | Amaranthaceae | Fodder | Ornamental/landscape | Vegetables | (leafy/stem) | ||||
Small Reed Mace | Typha angustifolia | 85.0 | 2.3 | Typhaceae | Fodder | Starchy | roots/tubers | Fibre | Environmental | |||
Sulla Epineux | Hedysarum spinosissimum | 96.4 | 2.2 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Gobi Needle Grass | Stipa tianschanica | 96.4 | 2.0 | Poaceae | Forage | |||||||
Sea Buckthorn | Hippophae salicifolia | 98.7 | 1.8 | Elaeagnaceae | Fruits | Medicinal | Essential | oil | ||||
Chewing’s Fescue | Festuca rubra var. commutata | 96.7 | 1.6 | Poaceae | Fibre | |||||||
Quackgrass | Agropyron repens | 93.7 | 1.6 | Poaceae | Medicinal | |||||||
Scallion | Allium cepa | 97.9 | 1.5 | Amaryllidaceae | Medicinal | Vegetables | (leafy/stem) | Vegetables | (root/bulb/tuber) | |||
Sulla Rose | Hedysarum carnosum | 96.1 | 1.4 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Spear Wattle | Acacia jensenii | 90.8 | 1.4 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Dwarf Feather Grass | Stipa capillata | 86.9 | 1.4 | Poaceae | - | |||||||
Shadscale | Atriplex confertifolia | 83.2 | 1.4 | Amaranthaceae | Forage | |||||||
Dune Wattle | Acacia ligulata | 85.2 | 1.3 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Onions ‘var. cepa’ | Allium cepa var. cepa | 99.9 | 1.2 | Amaryllidaceae | Vegetables | (root/bulb/tuber) | ||||||
Quandong | Santalum acuminatum | 90.7 | 1.2 | Santalaceae | - | |||||||
Gidgee | Acacia cambagei | 88.6 | 1.2 | Leguminosae | - | |||||||
Standard Crested Wheatgrass | Agropyron desertorum | 86.0 | 1.2 | Poaceae | Fodder | |||||||
Western Wheatgrass | Agropyron smithii | 85.2 | 1.2 | Poaceae | Forage | Fodder | Environmental | |||||
Idaho Fescue | Festuca idahoensis | 96.9 | 1.1 | Poaceae | Forage | |||||||
Russian Wildrye | Psathyrostachys juncea | 94.0 | 1.1 | Poaceae | Forage | Fodder | Environmental | |||||
Chee Grass | Achnatherum splendens | 91.3 | 1.0 | Poaceae | Forage | Fibre | Environmental | |||||
Coolibah | Eucalyptus microtheca | 76.7 | 1.0 | Myrtaceae | - |
Crop | Macro Rank | Vitamin Rank | Mineral Rank | Sum of Ranks | Final Rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereals | Triticale (Secale cereale xTriticum aestivum) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
Bulbous Barley (Hordeum bulbosum) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | |
Fodder | Colonial Bentgrass (Agrostis tenuis) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
Brown Bentgrass (Agrostis trinii) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 2 | |
Dune Wattle (Acacia ligulate) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Forage | Tall Wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum) | 4 | 4 | 1 | 9 | 4 |
Reed Mace (Typha latifolia) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 2 | |
Sulla Rose (Hedysarum carnosum) | 2 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 2 | |
Russian Wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 1 | |
Fruits | Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Quandong (Santalum acuminatum) | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 2 | |
Industrial | Spear Wattle (Acacia jensenii) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |
Legumes | Bramble Wattle (Acacia victoriae) | 2 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 2 |
Blue Lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | |
White Pea (Lathyrus sativus) | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 3 | |
Medicinal | Scallion (Allii fistulosi) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
Nuts | Sandplain Wattle (Acacia murrayana) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 3 |
Shoestring Acacia (Acacia stenophylla) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Coonavittra Wattle (Acacia jennerae) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Ornamental/landscape | Velvet Bentgrass (Agrostis canina) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
Vegetables | Onions (Allium cepa) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Ochrus Vetch (Lathyrus ochrus) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Crop | Resistance/Tolerance Traits | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drought | Water-logging | Frost | Shade | Salinity | Acidic/ Alkaline Soil | Infertile Poor Soil | Weed | Pest and Disease | SR * | Rank | ||
Cereals | Triticale | √ | √ | √ | √ (Alkaline) | √ | 5 | 1 | ||||
Bulbous Barley | 0 | 2 | ||||||||||
Fodder | Colonial Bentgrass | √ | √ (Acidic) | √ | 3 | 1 | ||||||
Brown Bentgrass | √ | 1 | 3 | |||||||||
Dune Wattle | √ | √ | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
Forage | Tall Wheatgrass | √ | √ | √ (Alkaline) | 3 | 2 | ||||||
Reed Mace | √ | √ (Both low and high) | 2 | 4 | ||||||||
Sulla Rose | √ | √ | √ (alkaline) | 3 | 2 | |||||||
Russian Wildrye | √ | √ | √ | √ (Alkali) | 4 | 1 | ||||||
Fruits | Sea Buckthorn | √ | √ | √ (Both) | √ | 4 | 1 | |||||
Quandong | √ | 1 | 2 | |||||||||
Industrial | Spear Wattle | √ | 1 | |||||||||
Legumes | Bramble Wattle | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ (Alkaline) | √ | 6 | 1 | |||
Blue Lupine | √ | √ | √ (Acid) | 3 | 2 | |||||||
White Pea | √ | √ | 2 | 3 | ||||||||
Medicinal | Scallion | √ | ||||||||||
Nuts | Sandplain Wattle | √ | √ (Both) | √ | 3 | 2 | ||||||
Shoestring Acacia | √ | √ | √ | √ (Alkaline) | √ | 5 | 1 | |||||
Coonavittra Wattle | √ | √ | 2 | 3 | ||||||||
Ornamental/landscape | Velvet Bentgrass | √ | √ | √ | √ (Acidic) | √ | 5 | |||||
Vegetables | Onions ‘var. cepa’ | √ | 1 | 2 | ||||||||
Ochrus Vetch | √ | √ (Mild acid and mild alkaline) | 2 | 1 |
Crop | Water Use Efficiency (kg ha−1mm−1) | WUE Rank | Potential Yield (kg ha−1) | Yield Rank | Rank Sum | Final Rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereals | Triticale | 13.9 | 2 | 10,000 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
Bulbous Barley | 17 | 1 | 5930.6 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
Fodder | Colonial Bentgrass | 18 | 1 | 1710 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Brown Bentgrass | 18 | 1 | 120 | 3 | 4 | 2 | |
Dune Wattle | 3.76 | 3 | 1027 | 2 | 5 | 3 | |
Forage | Tall Wheatgrass | 5.092 | 1 | 5610 | 4 | 5 | 2 |
Reed Mace | - | 3 | 7000–10,000 | 2 | 5 | 2 | |
Sulla Rose | - | 3 | 8900 | 3 | 6 | 4 | |
Russian Wildrye | 3.76 | 2 | 589,000 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Fruits | Sea Buckthorn | 12 | 1 | 5000 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
Quandong | - | 2 | 25,000 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Grain | |||||||
Industrial | Spear Wattle | 3.76 | 1 | 1027 | 1 | 2 | |
Legumes | Bramble Wattle | 3.76 | 1 | 1250 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
Blue Lupin | - | 3 | 2000 | 2 | 5 | 3 | |
White Pea | 4.2 | 2 | 5660 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |
Medicinal | Scallion | 20.54 | 1 | 19,790 | 1 | 2 | |
Nuts | Sandplain Wattle | 3.76 | 1 | 1250 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Shoestring Acacia | 3.76 | 1 | 1250 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
Coonavittra Wattle | 3.76 | 1 | 1027 | 3 | 4 | 3 | |
Ornamental/landscape | Velvet Bentgrass | 18 | 1 | 1710 | 1 | 2 | |
Vegetables | Onions ‘var. cepa’ | 169 | 1 | 8800 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Ochrus Vetch | - | 2 | 2440 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
Crop | Animal Feed | Medicinal | Industrial Processed Products | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Additives | Cosmetic/Detergent | Paper/Textile/Basketery | Construction/Plaiting | Fuel/Biofuel | Score | Rank | ||||
Cereals | Triticale | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | 2 | |||
Bulbous Barley | √ | √ | √ | √ | 5 | 1 | ||||
Fodder | Colonial Bentgrass | √ | 1 | 2 | ||||||
Brown Bentgrass | √ | 1 | 2 | |||||||
Dune Wattle | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | 1 | ||||
Forage | Tall Wheatgrass | √ | √ | 2 | 3 | |||||
Reed Mace | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | 1 | ||||
Sulla Rose | √ | √ | √ | 3 | 2 | |||||
Russian Wildrye | √ | 1 | 4 | |||||||
Fruits | Sea Buckthorn | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | 1 | |||
Quandong | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | 1 | ||||
Industrial | Spear Wattle | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||
Legumes | Bramble Wattle | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | 1 | |||
Blue Lupine | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | 1 | ||||
White Pea | √ | √ | √ | 3 | 3 | |||||
Medicinal | Scallion | √ | √ | 2 | ||||||
Nuts | Sandplain Wattle | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 5 | 1 | ||
Shoestring Acacia | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | 5 | 1 | |||
Coonavittra Wattle | √ | √ | √ | √ | 4 | 3 | ||||
Ornamental/landscape | Velvet Bentgrass | √ | 1 | |||||||
Vegetables | Onions ‘var. cepa’ | √ | √ | 2 | 2 | |||||
Ochrus Vetch | √ | √ | √ | 3 | 1 |
Name | Number of Institutions | Rank | |
---|---|---|---|
Cereals | Triticale | 1 | 2 |
Bulbous Barley | 2 | 1 | |
Fodder | Colonial Bentgrass | 4 | 1 |
Brown Bentgrass | 4 | 1 | |
Dune Wattle | 0 | 3 | |
Forage | Tall Wheatgrass | 2 | 1 |
Reed Mace | 0 | 3 | |
Sulla Rose | 0 | 3 | |
Russian Wildrye | 2 | 1 | |
Fruits | Sea Buckthorn | 3 | 1 |
Quandong | 2 | 2 | |
Industrial | Spear Wattle | 0 | |
Legumes | Bramble Wattle | 0 | 2 |
Blue Lupine | 0 | 2 | |
White Pea | 13 | 1 | |
Medicinal | Scallion | 2 | |
Nuts | Sandplain Wattle | 0 | 1 |
Shoestring Acacia | 0 | 1 | |
Coonavittra Wattle | 0 | 1 | |
Ornamental/landscape | Velvet Bentgrass | 5 | |
Vegetables | Onions ‘var. cepa’ | 2 | 2 |
Ochrus Vetch | 12 | 1 |
Name | Approximate Harvest Time (Day after Planting) | Rank | |
---|---|---|---|
Cereals | Triticale | 115 | 1 |
Bulbous Barley | 169 | 2 | |
Fodder | Colonial Bentgrass | 40 | 1 |
Brown Bentgrass | 55 | 2 | |
Dune Wattle | 1826 | 3 | |
Forage | Tall Wheatgrass | 10 | 1 |
Reed Mace | 40 | 2 | |
Sulla Rose | 100 | 3 | |
Russian Wildrye | 730 | 4 | |
Fruits | Sea Buckthorn | 120 | 2 |
Quandong | 10 | 1 | |
Industrial | Spear Wattle | 1826 | |
Legumes | Bramble Wattle | 2922 | 3 |
Blue Lupine | 30 | 1 | |
White Pea | 100 | 2 | |
Medicinal | Scallion | 84 | |
Nuts | Sandplain Wattle | 2922 | 2 |
Shoestring Acacia | 2922 | 2 | |
Coonavittra Wattle | 2191 | 1 | |
Ornamental/landscape | Velvet Bentgrass | 40 | |
Vegetables | Onions ‘var. cepa’ | 182 | 2 |
Ochrus Vetch | 152 | 1 |
Name | Nutrition | Adaptive Traits | Special Uses | Physiology | Germplasm | Production Knowledge | Score | Rank | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereals | Triticale | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 2 |
Bulbous Barley | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 8 | 1 | |
Fodder | Colonial Bentgrass | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 1 |
Brown Bentgrass | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 12 | 2 | |
Dune Wattle | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 13 | 3 | |
Forage | Tall Wheatgrass | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 13 | 2 |
Reed Mace | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 14 | 3 | |
Sulla Rose | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 16 | 4 | |
Russian Wildrye | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 12 | 1 | |
Fruits | Sea Buckthorn | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 1 |
Quandong | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 2 | |
Industrial | Spear Wattle | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
Legumes | Bramble Wattle | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 2 |
Blue Lupine | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 1 | |
White Pea | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 3 | |
Medicinal | Scallion | 1 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | |
Nuts | Sandplain Wattle | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 9 | 2 |
Shoestring Acacia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 1 | |
Coonavittra Wattle | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 3 | |
Ornamental/landscape | Velvet Bentgrass | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | |
Vegetables | Onions ‘var. cepa’ | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 2 |
Ochrus Vetch | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 1 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jahanshiri, E.; Azam-Ali, S.; Gregory, P.J.; Wimalasiri, E.M. A Shortlisting Framework for Crop Diversification in the United Kingdom. Agriculture 2023, 13, 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040787
Jahanshiri E, Azam-Ali S, Gregory PJ, Wimalasiri EM. A Shortlisting Framework for Crop Diversification in the United Kingdom. Agriculture. 2023; 13(4):787. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040787
Chicago/Turabian StyleJahanshiri, Ebrahim, Sayed Azam-Ali, Peter J. Gregory, and Eranga M. Wimalasiri. 2023. "A Shortlisting Framework for Crop Diversification in the United Kingdom" Agriculture 13, no. 4: 787. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040787