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Article

Study on the Effects of Different Light Supply Modes on the Development and Extracellular Enzyme Activity of Ganoderma lucidum

by
Yihan Liu
1,2,
Yuan Luo
1,
Wenzhong Guo
1,
Xin Zhang
1,
Wengang Zheng
3,* and
Xiaoli Chen
1,*
1
Intelligent Equipment Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
2
College of Horticultural and Landscape Architecture, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
3
Nongxin Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 10097, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Agriculture 2024, 14(6), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060835
Submission received: 17 April 2024 / Revised: 16 May 2024 / Accepted: 24 May 2024 / Published: 27 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Edible Mushroom)
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Abstract

:
Edible fungi have certain photo-sensitivity during the mushroom emergence stage, but there have been few relevant studies on the responses of Ganoderma lucidum to different light irradiation conditions. Ganoderma lucidum were planted in an environmentally controllable mushroom room with different light supply modes that were, respectively, continuous white light (CK), red light (R), green light (G), blue light (B), and intermittent red light (R-), green light (G-), and blue light (B-), with a total light intensity of 15 μmol·m−2·s−1 and a light/dark (L/D) period of 12 h/12 h for each treatment. The interval in intermittent light treatments was 30 min. The optimal light supply mode suitable for the growth of Ganoderma lucidum was explored by analyzing the characteristics, nutritional quality, and extracellular enzyme activity in mushrooms exposed to different light treatments. The results showed that red light (whether in continuous or intermittent supply modes) inhibited the fruiting body differentiation of Ganoderma lucidum, showing delayed differentiation or complete undifferentiation. The highest stipe length and pileus diameter of fruiting bodies were detected under G- treatment, which were, respectively, increased by 71.3% and 3.2% relative to the control. The highest weight of fruiting bodies was detected under G treatment, which was significantly increased by 21.4% compared to the control (p < 0.05). Intermittent light mode seemed to be more conducive to the size development of the fruiting body, while continuous light mode was beneficial for increasing the weight. The highest contents of crude protein and total triterpenes in pileus were detected under G treatment (significantly 14.9% and 28.1% higher than the control, respectively), while that of the crude polysaccharide was detected under G- treatment (significantly 35.7% higher than the control) (p < 0.05). The highest activities of extracellular enzymes such as cellulase, hemicellulase, laccase, lignin peroxidase, and amylase were detected in fruiting bodies subjected to G treatment, which were significantly increased by 11.9%~30.7% in the pileus and 9.5%~44.5% in the stipe. Green light might increase the weight and nutrient accumulation in the pileus of Ganoderma lucidum via up-regulating the extracellular enzyme activities. This study provides an effective light supply strategy for regulating the light environment in the industrial production of Ganoderma lucidum.

1. Introduction

Ganoderma lucidum is an important edible and medicinal fungus belonging to the family Polyporaceae and genus Ganoderma. Ganoderma lucidum has high nutritional value and is rich in various components such as polysaccharides, total triterpenes, proteins, amino acids, alkaloids, adenine, etc. [1]. Among them, Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides and triterpenes are the main bioactive substances used to evaluate the value of Ganoderma lucidum. At the same time, Ganoderma lucidum also has medicinal functions such as the prevention and treatment of hepatitis, hypertension, and stomach cancer, which is why it is also known as the “magic herb” [2]. Therefore, it is very important to study the growth and quality of Ganoderma lucidum.
In addition to green plants, many non-photosynthetic organisms, such as edible fungi, also exhibit photo-sensitivity. The growth of edible mushrooms includes two stages: nutritional growth and reproductive growth. Light plays an important role in the transition between these two stages. At present, research on photo-sensitivity in fungi is mainly focused on the model organism Neurospora crassa [3]. However, different edible fungi have different light requirements. Therefore, the response of model fungi to light is not applicable to other varieties, such as Ganoderma lucidum. In recent years, researchers have mainly studied the effects of light intensity, light quality, and light cycle on the growth and development of edible fungi [4]. Some studies have shown that certain mushrooms, such as Agaricus bitoquis, Agaricus bisporus, and underground Poria cocos, could produce fruiting bodies in total darkness. However, light is indispensable during the reproductive growth stage of most edible mushrooms; meanwhile, the light requirements of edible fungi are related to the variety and growth stage [5,6,7]. Previous studies have reported that light quality can affect mycelium activity, as well as the size and weight of the fruiting bodies, and edible fungi exhibit different fruiting body morphologies under different light environments. Research has shown that blue light could regulate the production of asexual spores and the development of fruiting bodies in Coprinopsis atramentaria [8]. Compared with white light, red and yellow light promoted the mycelial growth of Pleurotus eryngii in solid culture [9]. Dong et al. showed that pink light increased the dry matter content of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies compared to blue light [10]. Wu et al. showed that the exopolysaccharides (EPS) content of Pleurotus eryngii was highest under blue light conditions [9]. Light also has a significant impact on the synthesis, accumulation, and gene expression of secondary metabolites in fungi. Jang and Lee showed that the yield and ergot content of Pleurotus ostreatus were higher under mixed blue and white light relative to the white light [11]. Palanivel et al. studied the effect of light quality on five filamentous fungi and found that red, blue, white, green, and yellow light all inhibited the accumulation of fungal pigments [12]. The mRNA level of the gene madA, which is homologous to the WC-1 photoreceptor in Phycomyces, decreased under blue light irradiation [13,14].
The nutrients required for the growth and development of edible fungi are mainly provided by cultivation materials that are rich in a large amount of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, etc. However, edible fungi cannot directly utilize these substances as their energy source and must decompose these substances into micromolecular substances by secreting extracellular enzymes. These small molecule substances, which are easily absorbed and transformed by the mycelium and fruiting bodies, can provide nutrients for hypha growth, primordial formation, and fruiting body growth. The main extracellular enzymes during the growth of edible fungi include the cellulase system, hemicellulase system, lignin-degrading enzyme system, and amylase system [15,16,17]. Cellulases include endo-1,4-β-D-glucanohydrolase (E.C.3.2.1.4), exo-1,4-β-D-glucannase (E.C.3.2.1.91) and β-1,4- glucosidase (E.C.3.2.1.21), etc. Hemicellulases include endo-1,4-β-xylanase (E.C.3.2.1.8) and exo-1,4-β-xylosidase (E.C.3.2.1.37), etc. Lignin-degrading enzymes include lignin peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.14), manganese peroxidase (E.C.1.11.1.13) and laccase (E.C.1.10.3.2). Amylase includes α-amylase (E.C.3.2.1.1), β-amylase (E.C.3.2.1.2), glucoamylase (E.C.3.2.1.3.), and isoamylase (E.C.3.2.1.68) [18]. The synthesis of extracellular enzymes in edible fungi is influenced not only by genetic factors and cultivation substrates but also by environmental factors. Studies have shown that green light can increase the activities of total cellulase, endo-1,4-β-D-glucanohydrolase, and xylanase in Pleurotus ostreatus, but reduce the activity of laccase [19]. The activity changes of extracellular enzymes have a significant impact on the growth of mycelium. On the one hand, it directly affects the growth rate and momentum of mycelium, and on the other hand, it indirectly affects the formation time and biological efficiency of fruiting bodies. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the response of extracellular enzymes in edible fungi to different light qualities.
Ganoderma lucidum has been proven to have phototropism; the pileus edge always grows toward the light source. It was also indicated that the biomass of Ganoderma lucidum was higher under blue light than that under red light [20,21]. It can be seen that a possible way to regulate the growth and nutritional quality of Ganoderma lucidum is through light control in the environment. However, there are few studies on the responses of the pileus (the main edible part of Ganoderma lucidum) to different light environments. Moreover, the mechanism of how light quality affects the development and nutrient accumulation of Ganoderma lucidum still remains unclear. Therefore, the current study evaluated the growth characteristics and the nutrient content as well as the extracellular enzyme activities in the pileus and stipe of Ganoderma lucidum exposed to different light irradiation supplied by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to reveal the function mechanism and explore the optimal light condition for Ganoderma lucidum cultivation.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Experimental Design

This experiment was conducted in an environmentally controllable mushroom factory of Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, using an LED system that could set any light formula. The Ganoderma lucidum mushroom spawn bags were treated with different light qualities from the day when the mycelium was full.
Seven light treatments were set up in the experiment, which were, respectively, continuous white light (CK), continuous red light (R), continuous green light (G), continuous blue light (B), intermittent red light (R-), intermittent green light (G-), and intermittent blue light (B-), with a total light intensity of 15 μmol·m−2·s−1 and a light/dark (L/D) period of 12 h/12 h for each treatment. The interval in intermittent light treatments was 30 min (30 min of light treatment and 30 min of dark treatment). The light intensity and spectrum were all measured approximately 10 cm below the light source using an LI-180 spectrometer; the peak wavelengths of red, blue, and green light were, respectively, 660 nm, 450 nm, and 520 nm (Table 1 and Figure 1). The temperature, CO2 concentration, and the air relative humidity during the entire growth period of Ganoderma lucidum were monitored by sensors and controlled by an intelligent control system, with values of 28 ± 1 °C, 500 ± 20 μmol·mol−1 and (90 ± 1)%, respectively. During the growth period, purified water was sprayed twice a day at 8 am and 8 pm for 1 min each time.

2.2. Sampling and Index Determination

The length and diameter of mushroom stipes, the diameter and thickness of mushroom pilei, as well as the number of pilei, were measured dynamically at 26, 33, 40, 47, and 51 days after treatment (DAT). The weight of fruiting bodies was measured at harvest (51 DAT). The stipe length, stipe diameter, pileus diameter, and pileus thickness of Ganoderma lucidum were measured with a vernier caliper. The weight of fruiting bodies was measured using an electronic balance. Eight fruiting bodies randomly taken from each treatment were regarded as a repetition, and there were three repetitions in each treatment.
Mixed 0.1 g of mushroom tissue (ground in liquid nitrogen) with 0.9 mL of PBS buffer (pH = 7.4), centrifuged at 4 °C and 8000 r/min for 30 min, and then the supernatant was collected and stored at 4 °C for use. The nutritional indicators and extracellular enzyme activities of Ganoderma lucidum were determined using an Elisa assay kit purchased from Shanghai C-reactive Biotechnology Co. Ltd. The content of crude polysaccharides [22], crude proteins [23], and total triterpenes [24] was determined according to the instructions of the biochemical analysis kit. The activities of extracellular enzymes, including cellulase [25], hemicellulase [26], laccase [27], manganese peroxidase [28], lignin peroxidase [28], and amylase [29], were measured according to the instructions of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.

2.3. Statistical Analysis

The relative spectral curve was extracted using Avasoft 8, and data were organized and plotted using Excel 2016 and SPSS Statistics 22. Cluster analysis was performed using Hiplot, and correlation analysis was performed using Origin 2021. The data are presented as mean ± errors.

3. Results

3.1. Effects of Different Light Supply Modes on the Characteristics of Ganoderma lucidum

As shown in Figure 2, compared with the other treatments, red light (no matter whether in continuous or intermittent supply modes) inhibited the fruiting body differentiation of Ganoderma lucidum, showing delayed differentiation or complete undifferentiation. This indicated that red light was not conducive to the production of Ganoderma lucidum.
At DAT 51, the stipe length and pileus thickness were increased by all treatments compared with the white light (with an increase of 16.0–91.3% and 4.9–21.4%, respectively) (Figure 3a,d). On the contrary, all treatments were not as conducive as the white light regarding the increase in Ganoderma lucidum stipe diameter (with a decrease of 5.2–42.5%) (Figure 3b). Among them, the longest mushroom stipe was detected under G- treatment, which was significantly increased by 71.3% relative to the control (p < 0.05). As shown in Figure 3c, the largest pileus diameter of mushrooms was also detected under G-, which was increased by 3.2%, while those exposed to the other treatment displayed a decrease of 2.6–46.4% compared to the control. The thickest pileus and the maximum number of pilei were all detected under the B- treatment, which were significantly increased by 31.2% and 37.5% (p < 0.05) (Figure 3e). As shown in Figure 3f, the heaviest weight of the fruiting body was detected under G treatment, which was increased by 21.4% relative to the control. In addition, when comparing the two light supply modes of the same light quality, it was found that continuous light mode was more conducive to an increase in the weight, while intermittent light mode was more conducive to an increase in the size of the Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body.
On the whole, continuous green light promoted an increase in fruiting body weight and intermittent green light was conducive to an increase in fruiting body size, while intermittent blue light was positive to an increase in pileus thickness and the number of pilei.

3.2. Effects of Different Light Supply Modes on the Nutritional Quality of Ganoderma lucidum

Due to the pileus is the main edible and medicinal part of Ganoderma lucidum, only the mushroom pileus was analyzed for its nutrient content. As shown in Figure 4a,c, G and G- treatments both raised the contents of crude protein and total triterpenes in Ganoderma lucidum pileus compared with the control. The highest contents of crude protein (16.56%) and total triterpenes (429.46 mg/g) in the pileus were detected under G treatment; they increased by 14.9% and 28.1% relative to the control. As shown in Figure 4b, all treatments raised the content of the crude polysaccharide in the fruiting bodies to various degrees compared with the control. The highest crude polysaccharide content in the pileus (78.99 mg/g) was detected under G- treatment, which was significantly increased by 35.7% relative to the control (p < 0.05). In addition, the results also indicated that although both green light modes could increase the contents of crude protein and crude polysaccharides in the fruiting body, it was found that continuous green light was more conducive to the accumulation of crude protein while intermittent green light was more conducive to that of crude polysaccharides.
On the whole, green light was beneficial for the synthesis and accumulation of crude proteins, crude polysaccharides, and total triterpenes in the pileus of Ganoderma lucidum.

3.3. Effects of Different Light Supply Modes on the Extracellular Enzyme Activity of Ganoderma lucidum

As shown in Figure 5, G, G-, and B treatments increased the activities of cellulase, hemicellulase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and amylase in the pileus and stipe of Ganoderma lucidum compared with the control. Among them, the highest activities of cellulase, hemicellulase, laccase, lignin peroxidase, and amylase in the pileus and stipe were all observed in Ganoderma lucidum subjected to G treatment. G treatment significantly increased the activity of the above-mentioned extracellular enzymes in the pileus by 13.6%, 16.5%, 18.5%, 30.7%, and 11.9%, respectively, relative to the control, and significantly increased those in the stipe by 44.5%, 12.8%, 14.3%, 9.5%, and 12.9% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, when comparing the two different light modes of green light or blue light, it was found that continuous light was more conducive to an improvement in the extracellular enzyme activity in Ganoderma lucidum.
The clustering heatmap (Figure 6) intuitively shows that the activities of six extracellular enzymes were obviously up-regulated under G treatment, which might explain the reason for the height weight of fruiting bodies detected in G treatment (Figure 3f).

3.4. Correlation Analysis between Different Characteristics, Nutritional Quality, and Extracellular Enzymes Activity of Ganoderma lucidum

As shown in Figure 7, a significant positive relationship was observed between the stipe length and the activities of hemicellulase in the stipe (p < 0.05). The diameter of the stipe and pileus was positively correlated with the activities of manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase in the fruiting bodies (p < 0.05). This might indicate that hemicellulase mainly promoted the vertical growth of Ganoderma lucidum, while manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase mainly promoted its horizontal growth. The number of pilei was positively correlated with the activities of cellulase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase in the fruiting bodies. The weight of the fruiting body was significantly (p < 0.05) or extremely significantly (p < 0.01) positively correlated with the activities of these six enzymes in the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum.
As for the correlation between the nutrients and extracellular enzyme activity in the fruiting bodies, it was observed that the contents of crude protein and crude polysaccharide in the stipe and pileus were positively correlated with the activities of all the six extracellular enzymes in the corresponding parts of the fruiting body. Additionally, the total triterpenes content in the stipe and pileus was positively correlated with the activities of cellulase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and amylase in the corresponding parts.

4. Discussion

The fruiting stage of edible fungi is a light-sensitive stage, and different growth and development stages have different requirements for the light environment. Light can either stimulate or inhibit fungal development, so light is an indispensable factor in the growth and development of edible fungi. Arjona et al. showed that blue light was the triggering signal for the formation of Pleurotus ostreatus primordia, and the formation of primordia could not be achieved in a light environment lacking blue light [30]. Ellis et al. found that blue light with wavelengths of 440–470 nm was the most favorable for the formation of Coprinus comatus primordia [31]. Halabura et al. reported that the Lentinus crusitus primordia could form under green light irradiation, while it could not form under red light [32]. These studies indicated that blue and green light with shorter wavelengths had the greatest impact on the development of edible mushroom primordia in different light qualities. Therefore, the inhibition of fruiting body differentiation by red light treatment (R and R-) in our study might be due to the longer wavelength of red light, which was not easily perceived and responded to by photoreceptors. This indicated that light quality had an important effect on the differentiation of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies, and red light was not conducive to their differentiation and even caused death. In actual production, it is advisable to avoid using red light to produce Ganoderma lucidum as much as possible. In addition, studies also have shown that several important biosynthetic pathways in mushrooms, such as the membrane transport protein synthesis and the amino acid biosynthetic were inactive under monochromatic red light irradiation. The function of membrane transporters is to perceive external stimuli and transmit signals to cells, maintaining the activity of mycelial [5]. Therefore, the inhibition of fruiting body differentiation by red light treatment (R and R-) in this study might be due to the lack of blue and green light irradiation or a decreased expression level of membrane transporter protein in Ganoderma lucidum caused by monochromatic red light.
Our study found that the stipe length and pileus thickness were increased by all the treatments compared with the control. On the contrary, all the monochromatic light treatments were not as conducive as the white light as regards the increase in Ganoderma lucidum stipe diameter. The highest stipe length and pileus diameter of fruiting bodies were detected under G-, which were increased by 71.3% and 3.2% relative to the control. The highest weight of fruiting bodies was detected under G, which was significantly increased by 21.4%, respectively, compared to the control (p < 0.05). The thickness and number of Ganoderma lucidum pileus exposed to B- treatment were significantly increased by 31.2% and 37.5% compared with the control (p < 0.05). On the whole, based on the comparison of various characteristics and two light supply modes of Ganoderma lucidum, our study suggests that intermittent green light was more conducive to the growth of the pileus and stipe, while continuous green light was more conducive to an increase in Ganoderma lucidum yield. It is worth noting that although blue light had a crucial role in the primordium formation of Ganoderma lucidum, monochromatic blue light was not the optimum light quality for the size or weight of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum. Correlation analysis showed that the stipe length was significantly positively correlated with the activity of hemicellulase in the stipe. The weight of the fruiting body was positively correlated with the activities of six enzymes, including cellulase, hemicellulase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and amylase. The cluster analysis in Figure 6 shows that the activities of these enzymes were significantly up-regulated under G treatment, which indicates that the extracellular enzyme could effectively promote an increase in stipe length, stipe and pileus diameter, and fruiting body weight of Ganoderma lucidum by degrading culture materials. The green light might promote the degradation of the cultivation materials and absorption of nutrients by Ganoderma lucidum via increasing the activities of the extracellular enzymes, which might account for the best growth and weight of the fruiting bodies detected under G treatment.
As an important environmental factor, light quality not only affected the morphology formation of edible fungi but also acted on the synthesis and accumulation of nutrient substances in the fruiting body. Tang et al. used transcriptomics to study the photo response mechanism of Lentinus edodes and found that light would affect the transportation and metabolism of carbohydrates [33]. Our study found that the highest contents of crude protein and total triterpenes in the pileus were detected under G treatment, which was increased by 14.9% and 28.1% relative to the control. Therefore, our study suggests that green light was a favorable light quality for the synthesis and accumulation of nutrients in Ganoderma lucidum. The possible reason is that organic metabolism-related genes such as hydrophobin genes (SC1 and SC3), lignin-modifying genes (LAC1, LCC2, and LCC3), and tyrosinase-encoding genes (TYR1 and MELC2) were up-regulated or the expression of enzymes related to the synthesis of crude polysaccharides, crude proteins, and total triterpenes in Ganoderma lucidum were increased by green light irradiation [34,35]. On the contrary, the highest content of crude polysaccharides in the pileus was detected under G- treatment, which might be due to the correlation between polysaccharide synthesis and the circadian rhythm of Ganoderma lucidum. Studies have shown that the blue light receptor WC-1 directly binds to the negative feedback factor FRQ promoter to mediate light participation in the circadian rhythm cycle. Thus, the intermittent light mode might increase the expression level of Ganoderma lucidum WC-1, thereby promoting an increase in polysaccharide synthesis-related enzyme activity [36]. Therefore, the continuous/intermittent green light mode could be dynamically adjusted to achieve the target quality requirements in production.
Extracellular enzymes are involved in almost every process of edible mushroom growth and development. Extracellular enzyme activity reflects the ability of mushrooms to absorb and utilize small molecule nutrients, indirectly affecting the yield and nutrient quality of mushrooms. Correlation analysis showed that the crude protein content in the pileus and stipe was positively correlated with the activities of cellulase, hemicellulase, laccase, lignin peroxidase, and amylase in the corresponding parts. The total triterpenes content in the pileus was positively correlated with the activities of cellulase, hemicellulase, laccase, lignin peroxidase, and amylase in the pileus. The results confirmed the positive correlations between the extracellular enzyme and the organic metabolism. In addition, our study also found that the highest activities of cellulase, hemicellulase, laccase, lignin peroxidase, and amylase in the pileus and stipe were all observed in Ganoderma lucidum subjected to G treatment. Thus, the increased activity of cellulase, hemicellulase, laccase, lignin peroxidase, and amylase in Ganoderma lucidum treated with G may also account for the higher contents of organic substances observed in the light treatment. Xie et al. investigated the effects of blue light on the activity of manganese peroxidase in Pleurotus eryngii and found that blue light inhibited the activity of manganese peroxidase [37]. Ramírez et al. showed that blue light significantly reduced the activity of lignin peroxidase in Phanerochaete chrysosporium Burds [38]. The above-mentioned results were different from the current study, in which the continuous blue light treatment (B) increased the activities of manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase in the pileus and stipe of Ganoderma lucidum. This might indicate that the effects of light quality on extracellular enzymes in edible fungi are variety-dependent. Gan et al. found that blue light enhanced the activity of fungal amylase, which was consistent with the present results that continuous blue light treatment (B) increased the activity of amylase in Ganoderma lucidum compared with the control [39]. However, our study also found that intermittent blue light treatment (B-) reduced the activity of amylase in the Ganoderma lucidum pileus and stipe, indicating that not all blue light could increase the activity of amylase in Ganoderma lucidum, possibly due to darkness during the alternating process.
Red light should be avoided in the factory cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum. Combining the characteristics and nutritional quality of Ganoderma lucidum, continuous green light should be preferred for the production of Ganoderma lucidum, while intermittent green light can also be chosen under limited economic conditions. There are differences in the response of different types of edible mushrooms to light quality. It is necessary to further determine the expression of light receptor-related genes in Ganoderma lucidum exposed to different light formula conditions to clarify their light response mechanism.

5. Conclusions

Red light (whether in continuous or intermittent supply modes) was found to inhibit the fruiting body differentiation of Ganoderma lucidum, showing delayed differentiation or thorough undifferentiation. Continuous green light was beneficial for an increase in the weight, extracellular enzyme activities, as well as the contents of crude protein and total triterpenoid in the pileus of Ganoderma lucidum. Intermittent green light was conducive to an increase in fruiting body size and crude polysaccharide content. On the whole, green light might enhance growth and nutrient synthesis by up-regulating the activity of extracellular enzymes in Ganoderma lucidum.

Author Contributions

Y.L. (Yihan Liu) and Y.L. (Yuan Luo) designed the project, performed statistical data analyses, and wrote the main manuscript. W.G. and X.Z. conducted the measurements. W.Z. and X.C. guided the experiment and reviewed the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Edible Fungi Industry Technology System (CARS-20) and the Beijing Edible Fungi Innovation Team (BAIC03-2024).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The data presented in this study are available in the article.

Conflicts of Interest

Author Wengang Zheng was employed by the company Nongxin Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

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Agriculture 14 00835 g001
Figure 1. LED spectral distribution in each treatment.
Figure 1. LED spectral distribution in each treatment.
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Figure 2. Photos of Ganoderma lucidum growth under different treatments.
Figure 2. Photos of Ganoderma lucidum growth under different treatments.
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Figure 3. Effects of different light supply modes on the stipe length (a), stipe diameter (b), pileus diameter (c), pileus thickness (d), the number of pilei (e), and the weight (f) of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body. Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).
Figure 3. Effects of different light supply modes on the stipe length (a), stipe diameter (b), pileus diameter (c), pileus thickness (d), the number of pilei (e), and the weight (f) of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body. Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).
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Figure 4. Effects of different light supply modes on the nutritional quality of crude proteins (a), crude polysaccharides (b), and total triterpenes (c) of Ganoderma lucidum. Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).
Figure 4. Effects of different light supply modes on the nutritional quality of crude proteins (a), crude polysaccharides (b), and total triterpenes (c) of Ganoderma lucidum. Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).
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Figure 5. Effects of different light supply modes on the activities of cellulase (a), hemicellulase (b), laccase (c), manganese peroxidase (d), lignin peroxidase (e), and amylase (f) of Ganoderma lucidum. Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).
Figure 5. Effects of different light supply modes on the activities of cellulase (a), hemicellulase (b), laccase (c), manganese peroxidase (d), lignin peroxidase (e), and amylase (f) of Ganoderma lucidum. Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between groups (p < 0.05).
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Figure 6. Cluster analysis of extracellular enzyme activity in Ganoderma lucidum under different treatments.
Figure 6. Cluster analysis of extracellular enzyme activity in Ganoderma lucidum under different treatments.
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Figure 7. Correlation analysis between different characteristics, nutritional quality, and extracellular enzyme activity of Ganoderma lucidum.
Figure 7. Correlation analysis between different characteristics, nutritional quality, and extracellular enzyme activity of Ganoderma lucidum.
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Table 1. Light supply modes in each treatment.
Table 1. Light supply modes in each treatment.
TreatmentSupplementary LightingLight Intensity (μmol·m−2·s−1)
Red LightGreen LightBlue LightWhite Light
Continuous lightRContinuous red light15000
GContinuous green light01500
BContinuous blue light00150
Intermittent lightR-Intermittent red light, interval of 30 min15000
G-Intermittent green light, interval of 30 min01500
B-Intermittent blue light, interval of 30 min00150
CKContinuous white light00015
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Liu, Y.; Luo, Y.; Guo, W.; Zhang, X.; Zheng, W.; Chen, X. Study on the Effects of Different Light Supply Modes on the Development and Extracellular Enzyme Activity of Ganoderma lucidum. Agriculture 2024, 14, 835. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060835

AMA Style

Liu Y, Luo Y, Guo W, Zhang X, Zheng W, Chen X. Study on the Effects of Different Light Supply Modes on the Development and Extracellular Enzyme Activity of Ganoderma lucidum. Agriculture. 2024; 14(6):835. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060835

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Yihan, Yuan Luo, Wenzhong Guo, Xin Zhang, Wengang Zheng, and Xiaoli Chen. 2024. "Study on the Effects of Different Light Supply Modes on the Development and Extracellular Enzyme Activity of Ganoderma lucidum" Agriculture 14, no. 6: 835. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14060835

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