Effects of Applying Biochar on Soil Cadmium Immobilisation and Cadmium Pollution Control in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Experimental Design
2.1.1. Materials
2.1.2. Experimental Design
2.2. Characterization Analysis of Biochar from Different Feedstocks
2.2.1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
2.2.2. Specific Surface Area (SSA) and Pore Size Analysis
2.2.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
2.2.4. X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD)
2.2.5. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis (XPS)
2.3. Soil Environmental Factor Detection
2.3.1. Soil pH Determination
2.3.2. Soil Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) Determination
2.3.3. Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC) Determination
2.3.4. Soil-Available Cd Determination
2.4. Determination of Lettuce Plant Height and Fresh Weight
2.5. Leaf Cd Content Determination
2.6. Data Processing and Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization Analysis of Different Biochar Materials
3.1.1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis
3.1.2. Analysis of Pore Structure
3.1.3. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis
3.1.4. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
3.1.5. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Analysis
3.2. Effects of Different Biochar Addition Levels on the Soil Properties
3.2.1. Effects of Different Biochar Addition Levels on the pH of Cd-Contaminated Soil
3.2.2. Effects of Different Biochar Addition Levels on the EC of Cd-Contaminated Soil
3.2.3. Effects of Different Biochar Addition Levels on the CEC of Cd-Contaminated Soil
3.2.4. Effects of Different Biochar Addition Levels on the Available Cd in Cd-Contaminated Soil
3.3. Effects of Different Biochar Addition Levels on the Plant Height and Fresh Weight of Cd-Contaminated Lettuce at Maturity Stage
3.4. Effects of Different Biochar Addition Levels on the Cd Content in Mature Lettuce Leaves under Cd Contamination
3.5. Analysis of the Correlation between Soil Properties and the Plant Height, Fresh Weight, and Leaf Cd Content of Lettuce
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biochar Materials | Specific Surface Area (m2/g) | Total Pore Volume (cm3/g) | Average Pore Diameter (nm) |
---|---|---|---|
Corn straw biochar | 20.087 | 0.023 | 4.565 |
Wheat straw biochar | 17.969 | 0.051 | 10.962 |
Rice straw biochar | 1.042 | 0.005 | 19.670 |
Treatment | Biochar | Biochar Addition Levels (%) | pH | EC (μs/cm) | CEC (cmol/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | / | / | 6.47 ± 0.03 h | 1138.67 ± 16.86 f | 16.98 ± 0.24 i |
1 | Corn straw biochar | 1 | 6.57 ± 0.02 efg | 1184.33 ± 11.06 e | 18.04 ± 0.19 g |
2 | 3 | 6.66 ± 0.04 cd | 1244.33 ± 11.68 d | 20.23 ± 0.17 d | |
3 | 5 | 6.78 ± 0.05 a | 1457.00 ± 11.00 a | 22.66 ± 0.11 a | |
4 | Rice straw biochar | 1 | 6.52 ± 0.01 gh | 1165.00 ± 17.52 ef | 17.51 ± 0.13 h |
5 | 3 | 6.58 ± 0.04 ef | 1219.67 ± 16.17 d | 19.23 ± 0.07 f | |
6 | 5 | 6.68 ± 0.03 bc | 1341.67 ± 14.50 c | 21.24 ± 0.08 c | |
7 | Wheat straw biochar | 1 | 6.54 ± 0.02 fg | 1182.33 ± 10.50 e | 17.73 ± 0.11 h |
8 | 3 | 6.62 ± 0.03 de | 1229.67 ± 23.54 d | 19.56 ± 0.17 e | |
9 | 5 | 6.73 ± 0.01 ab | 1374.33 ± 17.04 b | 21.74 ± 0.10 b |
Treatment | Biochar | Biochar Addition Levels (%) | Plant Height (cm) | Fresh Weight (g) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CK | / | / | 25.43 ± 0.75 g | 39.86 ± 2.36 d |
1 | Corn straw biochar | 1 | 27.77 ± 0.50 ef | 44.47 ± 0.75 c |
2 | 3 | 29.60 ± 0.26 cd | 47.50 ± 1.10 b | |
3 | 5 | 31.93 ± 1.15 a | 52.34 ± 0.94 a | |
4 | Rice straw biochar | 1 | 26.97 ± 0.40 f | 44.23 ± 1.12 c |
5 | 3 | 28.73 ± 0.65 de | 46.45 ± 0.74 bc | |
6 | 5 | 30.53 ± 0.70 bc | 50.40 ± 1.41 a | |
7 | Wheat straw biochar | 1 | 27.13 ± 0.70 f | 44.35 ± 0.62 c |
8 | 3 | 28.97 ± 0.60 d | 46.25 ± 0.88 bc | |
9 | 5 | 30.83 ± 0.45 ab | 50.39 ± 1.64 a |
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Zhou, L.; Zhou, L.; Wu, H.; Li, J.; Kong, L.; Yang, H. Effects of Applying Biochar on Soil Cadmium Immobilisation and Cadmium Pollution Control in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Agriculture 2024, 14, 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071068
Zhou L, Zhou L, Wu H, Li J, Kong L, Yang H. Effects of Applying Biochar on Soil Cadmium Immobilisation and Cadmium Pollution Control in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Agriculture. 2024; 14(7):1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071068
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Lina, Leijinyu Zhou, Hongbo Wu, Jinsheng Li, Lijuan Kong, and Haoyu Yang. 2024. "Effects of Applying Biochar on Soil Cadmium Immobilisation and Cadmium Pollution Control in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)" Agriculture 14, no. 7: 1068. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14071068