Fatty Acid Content and Oxidative Stability in Eggs and Breast Muscle of Sasso Chickens Fed Different Levels of Dodonaea angustifolia Polyphenol in Flaxseed-Enriched Diets
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Experimental Design, Diets, and Chickens
2.3. Composition and Analysis of Experimental Diets
2.4. Extract Preparation and Determination of Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity
2.5. Breast Muscle and Egg Sampling
2.6. Fatty Acid Analysis
2.6.1. Lipid Extraction and Transesterification of Diets, Breast Muscle, and Egg Yolk
Chicken Diets
Chicken Breast Muscle and Egg Yolk
2.6.2. Gas Chromatography Analysis
2.7. Determination of Lipid Peroxidation in Egg Yolk and Breast Meat
2.8. Statistical Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fatty Acid Concentrations in Breast Muscle
3.2. Fatty Acid Concentration in Egg Yolks
3.3. Oxidative Stability in Breast Muscle and Egg Yolks
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients (g/kg) | Diets | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
DA0 | DA2 | DA5 | DA8 | |
Wheat | 160 | 160 | 160 | 160 |
Maize | 393 | 393 | 393 | 393 |
Soybean meal | 67 | 67 | 67 | 67 |
1 Grounded flaxseed | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 |
Wheat bran | 192 | 192 | 192 | 192 |
Nouge cake | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 |
Salt | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Limestone | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
Meat and bone meal | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Premix general * | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
L-Lysine HCl | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
DL-Methionine | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
† D. angustifolia (mg/kg) | 0 | 200 | 500 | 800 |
Total | 1000 | 1000.2 | 1000.5 | 1000.8 |
Calculated compositions | ||||
Dry matter (%) | 89.45 | 89.25 | 89.53 | 89.54 |
Crude protein (%) | 15.31 | 15.21 | 15.27 | 15.25 |
Metabolizable energy (Kcal) | 2885.53 | 2855.79 | 2859.34 | 2875.85 |
Ether extract (%) | 5.74 | 5.50 | 5.49 | 5.74 |
Crude fiber (%) | 5.53 | 5.38 | 5.35 | 5.40 |
Calcium (%) | 2.00 | 2.20 | 2.08 | 2.30 |
Total phosphorus (%) | 0.36 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.37 |
Fatty Acid Composition (%) | Diets | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DA0 | DA2 | DA5 | DA8 | 1 Flaxseed | |
C14:0 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.21 | 0.06 |
C16:0 | 16.47 | 16.42 | 18.27 | 17.05 | 6.28 |
C18:0 | 5.33 | 4.93 | 5.22 | 5.42 | 4.29 |
C18:1cis-9 | 24.39 | 24.93 | 25.17 | 24.84 | 13.16 |
C18:2n-6 (LA) | 32.88 | 34.72 | 33.95 | 34.26 | 15.63 |
C18:3n-3 (ALA) | 16.87 | 15.92 | 15.93 | 16.00 | 59.04 |
∑SFA | 23.58 | 23.17 | 23.32 | 23.24 | 11.29 |
∑MUFAs | 26.32 | 26.68 | 27.15 | 26.72 | 13.85 |
∑PUFAs | 50.39 | 50.64 | 50.25 | 50.27 | 74.86 |
∑n-3 PUFAs | 16.93 | 16.32 | 16.05 | 16.58 | 59.13 |
∑n-6 PUFAs | 34.05 | 34.25 | 34.05 | 34.43 | 15.73 |
n-6/n-3 PUFA | 2.01 | 2.14 | 2.17 | 2.08 | 0.27 |
Fatty Acids (mg/100 g Muscle) | † Diets | PSE | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DA0 | DA2 | DA5 | DA8 | |||
C12:0 | 0.86 ± 0.15 | 0.89 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.84 ± 0.11 | 0.057 | 0.840 |
C14:0 | 6.12 ± 2.16 | 6.38 ± 1.68 | 5.66 ± 1.64 | 4.86 ± 0.52 | 0.808 | 0.276 |
C16:0 | 280.70 ± 62.43 | 294.06 ± 70.39 | 271.99 ± 71.88 | 234.15 ± 33.67 | 30.800 | 0.265 |
C17:0 | 3.41 ± 1.23 | 4.09 ± 0.93 | 3.53 ± 0.72 | 3.26 ± 0.49 | 0.444 | 0.284 |
C18:0 | 107.41 ± 23.34 | 113.83 ± 19.13 | 104.35 ± 13.35 | 97.40 ± 8.26 | 8.500 | 0.298 |
C20:0 | 1.17 ± 0.32 | 1.28 ± 0.16 | 1.26 ± 0.14 | 1.02 ± 0.12 | 0.102 | 0.069 |
C14:1cis-9 | 0.54 ± 0.33 | 0.71 ± 0.25 | 0.53 ± 0.18 | 0.46 ± 0.14 | 0.119 | 0.223 |
C16:1cis-9 | 21.87 ± 13.65 | 29.90 ± 11.53 | 23.11 ± 8.23 | 19.39 ± 6.65 | 5.190 | 0.236 |
C17:1cis-9 | 8.32 ± 2.08 | 8.43 ± 2.14 | 8.10 ± 2.13 | 8.48 ± 2.71 | 1.140 | 0.988 |
C18:1cis-9 | 325.58 ± 162.02 | 380.06 ± 109.08 | 368.42 ± 123.94 | 268.59 ± 40.86 | 58.700 | 0.242 |
C18:2n-6 (LA) | 215.20 ± 95.33 | 229.19 ± 51.10 | 206.08 ± 41.29 | 182.10 ± 34.78 | 30.200 | 0.475 |
C18:3n-6 | 1.16 ± 0.62 | 1.41 ± 0.47 | 1.32 ± 0.55 | 1.14 ± 0.33 | 0.254 | 0.669 |
C18:3n-3 (ALA) | 18.20 ± 6.82 | 27.73 ± 9.15 | 24.01 ± 10.76 | 23.86 ± 8.35 | 4.440 | 0.220 |
C20:2n-6 | 2.05 ± 0.62 | 2.26 ± 0.35 | 2.19 ± 0.24 | 2.20 ± 0.47 | 0.222 | 0.831 |
C20:3n-6 | 6.25 ± 1.16 | 5.95 ± 1.09 | 5.43 ± 0.84 | 6.67 ± 1.24 | 0.547 | 0.165 |
C20:3n-6 | 6.25 ± 1.16 | 5.95 ± 1.09 | 5.43 ± 0.84 | 6.67 ± 1.24 | 0.547 | 0.165 |
C20:4n-6 | 95.54 ± 16.19 | 102.83 ± 15.44 | 104.31 ± 12.16 | 94.93 ± 9.22 | 6.770 | 0.396 |
C22:4n-6 | 7.41 ± 2.95 | 6.79 ± 2.38 | 6.38 ± 1.44 | 7.26 ± 2.69 | 1.220 | 0.825 |
C22:5n-6 | 3.16 ± 0.86 | 2.99 ± 0.77 | 3.14 ± 0.35 | 2.96 ± 0.68 | 0.347 | 0.913 |
C20:5n-3 (EPA) | 1.62 ± 0.28 b | 2.04 ± 0.64 ba | 1.94 ± 0.60 ba | 2.47 ± 0.40 a | 0.252 | 0.019 |
C22:5n-3 (DPA) | 9.64 ± 0.86 | 9.29 ± 1.01 | 8.74 ± 0.35 | 9.83 ± 1.04 | 1.210 | 0.817 |
C22:6n-3 (DHA) | 28.13 ± 8.20 b | 39.42 ± 9.26 a | 38.78 ± 4.08 a | 35.88 ± 9.06 ba | 3.970 | 0.031 |
∑SFA | 405.94 ± 85.57 | 426.70 ± 89.73 | 393.52 ± 83.37 | 347.07 ± 40.92 | 38.700 | 0.232 |
∑MUFA | 385.33 ± 187.70 | 452.29 ± 128.62 | 430.32 ± 137.74 | 320.04 ± 47.60 | 67.600 | 0.238 |
∑PUFAs | 386.67 ± 65.66 | 432.20 ± 64.76 | 404.46 ± 57.81 | 371.68 ± 36.78 | 28.700 | 0.203 |
∑n-3 PUFAs | 58.43 ± 12.88 b | 79.50 ± 15.78 a | 74.40 ± 13.13 a | 73.01 ± 7.95 ba | 6.380 | 0.017 |
∑n-6 PUFAs | 349.77 ± 80.09 | 351.41 ± 56.83 | 328.85 ± 47.00 | 297.28 ± 35.86 | 28.700 | 0.224 |
Breast fat (%) | 1.15 ± 0.42 | 1.31 ± 0.28 | 1.23 ± 0.35 | 1.04 ± 0.11 | 0.156 | 0.374 |
Fatty Acids (mg/g Yolk) | † Diets | PSE | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DA0 | DA2 | DA5 | DA8 | |||
C14:0 | 0.67 ± 0.08 | 0.59 ± 0.04 | 0.60 ± 0.13 | 0.66 ± 0.09 | 0.046 | 0.232 |
C15:0 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.015 | 0.156 |
C16:0 | 63.94 ± 4.71 a | 60.23 ± 2.62 ab | 58.65 ± 4.5 b | 62.67 ± 3.35 ab | 1.950 | 0.048 |
C17:0 | 1.04 ± 0.10 | 1.08 ± 0.22 | 1.05 ± 0.12 | 0.98 ± 0.16 | 0.085 | 0.697 |
C18:0 | 21.35 ± 2.06 | 20.44 ± 1.57 | 20.68 ± 2.09 | 21.83 ± 1.65 | 0.929 | 0.440 |
C14:1cis-9 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.14 ± 0.04 | 0.021 | 0.621 |
C16:1cis-9 | 7.47 ± 1.3 | 6.52 ± 1.04 | 6.36 ± 2.19 | 7.08 ±1.58 | 0.794 | 0.488 |
C18:1trans-9 | 0.22 ± 8.66 | 0.19 ± 8.44 | 0.22 ± 4.92 | 0.23 ± 7.30 | 0.013 | 0.062 |
C18:1cis-9 | 94.79 ± 8.66 | 94.83 ± 8.44 | 97.84 ± 4.92 | 99.21 ± 7.30 | 3.740 | 0.567 |
C18:1cis-11 | 4.65 ± 0.45 | 4.68 ± 0.19 | 4.68 ± 0.55 | 4.80 ± 0.55 | 0.231 | 0.944 |
C18:2n-6 (LA) | 41.84 ± 2.58 a | 39.76 ± 4.80 ab | 36.38 ± 6.10 ab | 35.08 ± 2.27 b | 2.120 | 0.014 |
C18:3n-6 | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.018 | 0.105 |
C18:3n-3 (ALA) | 10.22 ± 1.59 | 9.08 ± 2.08 | 8.46 ± 1.17 | 8.50 ± 1.23 | 0.780 | 0.109 |
C20:3n-6 | 0.67 ± 0.12 a | 0.57 ± 0.08 ab | 0.56 ± 0.07 b | 0.54 ± 0.02 b | 0.042 | 0.015 |
C20:4n-6 | 4.72 ± 0.27 | 4.29 ± 0.57 | 4.19 ± 0.35 | 4.22 ± 0.46 | 0.214 | 0.068 |
C22:4n-6 | 0.42 ± 0.13 ab | 0.48 ± 0.12 ab | 0.51 ± 0.06 a | 0.39 ± 0.04 b | 0.045 | 0.074 |
C22:5n-6 | 0.20 ± 0.06 | 0.23 ± 0.0.07 | 0.28 ± 0.06 | 0.21 ± 0.06 | 0.033 | 0.115 |
C20:5n-3 (EPA) | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.03 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.021 | 0.108 |
C22:5n-3 (DPA) | 1.04 ± 0.17 | 0.99 ± 0.23 | 1.06 ± 0.16 | 0.96 ± 0.17 | 0.092 | 0.708 |
C22:6n-3 (DHA) | 7.41 ± 0.23 | 7.84 ± 0.74 | 7.69 ± 0.80 | 7.37 ± 0.62 | 0.319 | 0.413 |
∑SFA | 87.36 ± 5.64 a | 82.66 ± 3.8 ab | 81.31 ± 3.85 b | 86.44 ± 3.98 ab | 2.200 | 0.028 |
∑MUFA | 107.78 ± 8.92 | 106.83 ± 7.68 | 109.75 ± 6.02 | 111.97 ± 8.13 | 3.880 | 0.567 |
∑PUFAs | 67.82 ± 3.94 a | 64.41 ± 6.78 ab | 60.24 ± 6.55 b | 58.42 ± 3.38 b | 2.690 | 0.007 |
∑n-6 PUFAs | 48.45 ± 2.90 a | 45.92 ± 5.22 ab | 42.46 ± 6.06 b | 40.98 ± 2.44 b | 2.210 | 0.009 |
∑n-3 PUFAs | 19.13 ± 1.59 | 18.34 ± 2.04 | 17.57 ±1.08 | 17.23 ±1.63 | 0.809 | 0.110 |
Yolk fat (%) | 26.30 ±1.23 | 25.37 ± 1.19 | 25.42 ± 1.05 | 25.84 ±1.01 | 0.561 | 0.330 |
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Tadesse, D.; Retta, N.; Esatu, W.; Woldemariam, H.W.; Ndiwa, N.; Hanotte, O.; Getachew, P.; Dannenberger, D.; Maak, S. Fatty Acid Content and Oxidative Stability in Eggs and Breast Muscle of Sasso Chickens Fed Different Levels of Dodonaea angustifolia Polyphenol in Flaxseed-Enriched Diets. Agriculture 2024, 14, 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14070993
Tadesse D, Retta N, Esatu W, Woldemariam HW, Ndiwa N, Hanotte O, Getachew P, Dannenberger D, Maak S. Fatty Acid Content and Oxidative Stability in Eggs and Breast Muscle of Sasso Chickens Fed Different Levels of Dodonaea angustifolia Polyphenol in Flaxseed-Enriched Diets. Agriculture. 2024; 14(7):993. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14070993
Chicago/Turabian StyleTadesse, Desalew, Negussie Retta, Wondmeneh Esatu, Henock Woldemichael Woldemariam, Nicholas Ndiwa, Olivier Hanotte, Paulos Getachew, Dirk Dannenberger, and Steffen Maak. 2024. "Fatty Acid Content and Oxidative Stability in Eggs and Breast Muscle of Sasso Chickens Fed Different Levels of Dodonaea angustifolia Polyphenol in Flaxseed-Enriched Diets" Agriculture 14, no. 7: 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14070993