Can Marandu Grass (Urochloa brizantha) Extract Modulate Methanogenesis and Rumen Microbiota?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inoculum Donors and Substrate
2.2. Extracts and Treatments
2.3. Methanogenesis Assay
2.4. Methane (CH4) Determination
2.5. Short Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) and Ammonia Nitrogen (NH3-N) Determination
2.6. Microbial Quantifications
Target Species | (F) and (R) | pb | References |
---|---|---|---|
Total bacteria | F-CGGCAACGAGCGCAACCC R-CCATTGTAGCACGTGTGTAGCC | 130 | [36] |
Fibrobacter succinogenes | F-GTTCGGAATTACTGGGCGTAAA R-CGCCTGCCCCTGAACTATC | 121 | [36] |
Ruminococcus flavefaciens | F-CGAACGGAGATAATTTGAGTTTACTTAGG R-CGGTCTCTGTATGTTATGAGGTATTACC | 132 | [36] |
Archaea | F-AATTGGAKTCAACGCCGGR R-TGGGTCTCGCTCGTTG | 142 | [37] |
Protozoa | F-GCTTTCGWTGGTAGTGTATT R-CTTGCCCTCYAATCGTWCT | 223 | [38] |
2.7. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
- (1)
- Effect of monensin (MON) treatment against control (CTL);
- (2)
- Effect of extracts (EXT, the grouping of EE and HE extracts in all doses) concerning the positive control (MON);
- (3)
- Effect of extracts (EXT, the grouping of EE and HE extracts in all doses) concerning the negative control (CTL);
- (4)
- Effect of the type of extract (ethanolic EE and hydroalcoholic HE) at different doses, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mL/kg DM);
- (5)
- Level effect (LVL), comparing each level (50, 100, 150, and 200 mL kg−1 DM) against the other levels of extracts;
- (6)
- EXT vs. LVL interaction effect.
3. Results
3.1. Methane Productions and Ruminal Degradability
3.2. Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Ammonia Nitrogen
3.3. Relative Microbial Quantification
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | EE | HE | MON | CTL | SEM | Contrast p-Value | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||||
CH4 (mL) | 7.13 | 7.85 | 6.92 | 7.16 | 7.74 | 7.01 | 8.38 | 7.33 | 6.79 | 6.39 | 1.42 | 0.71 | 0.45 | 0.16 | 0.48 | 0.56 | 0.36 |
CH4 (%) | 7.84 | 8.68 | 7.82 | 7.95 | 8.60 | 7.74 | 8.74 | 7.66 | 7.65 | 7.32 | 1.00 | 0.74 | 0.54 | 0.23 | 0.80 | 0.45 | 0.34 |
Net CH4 (mL) | 5.26 | 5.98 | 5.05 | 5.29 | 5.87 | 5.14 | 6.51 | 5.47 | 4.93 | 4.52 | 1.17 | 0.70 | 0.46 | 0.16 | 0.48 | 0.57 | 0.36 |
CH4 (mL g−1 DMD) | 18.62 | 21.64 | 18.52 | 19.50 | 20.37 | 18.28 | 23.13 | 19.35 | 17.20 | 16.03 | 4.11 | 0.75 | 0.35 | 0.13 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.32 |
IVDMD (%) | 57.19 | 55.97 | 55.08 | 54.81 | 58.18 | 55.82 | 55.92 | 56.33 | 55.76 | 56.69 | 1.27 | 0.61 | 0.77 | 0.70 | 0.38 | 0.96 | 0.79 |
IVOMD (%) | 56.33 | 54.40 | 54.62 | 54.87 | 57.19 | 54.24 | 54.75 | 55.05 | 54.43 | 56.30 | 1.52 | 0.38 | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.99 |
GP24 (mL g−1 DM) | 120.5 | 117.6 | 112.9 | 116.1 | 117.7 | 116.4 | 124.0 | 126.5 | 109.8 | 112.1 | 9.28 | 0.83 | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.71 | 0.97 |
PF (mg DMD mL−1) | 4.93 | 4.84 | 4.92 | 4.72 | 4.95 | 4.88 | 4.64 | 4.56 | 5.15 | 5.07 | 0.30 | 0.81 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.59 | 0.58 | 0.82 |
Variable | EE | HE | MON | CTL | SEM | Contrast p-Value | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | ||||
C2 (molar%) | 71.58 | 70.50 | 72.00 | 67.77 | 72.11 | 70.47 | 71.08 | 69.59 | 66.52 | 63.05 | 2.58 | 0.22 | 0.06 | ** | 0.80 | 0.15 | 0.49 |
C3 (molar%) | 14.48 | 14.19 | 13.22 | 15.32 | 13.31 | 13.88 | 13.91 | 14.51 | 17.46 | 18.04 | 1.23 | 0.68 | * | ** | 0.58 | 0.19 | 0.46 |
C4 (molar%) | 9.19 | 10.00 | 9.62 | 10.95 | 8.87 | 9.86 | 9.48 | 10.33 | 8.24 | 10.04 | 0.79 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.65 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.60 |
C2:C3 | 5.00 | 5.01 | 5.52 | 4.55 | 4.88 | 5.11 | 4.50 | 4.82 | 3.82 | 3.76 | 0.43 | 0.87 | * | ** | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.052 |
SCFA (mM) | 9.92 | 9.00 | 9.71 | 8.53 | 9.88 | 9.75 | 9.32 | 10.86 | 9.22 | 7.04 | 1.38 | 0.01 | 0.53 | ** | 0.13 | 0.77 | 0.04 |
NH3-N A | 34.52 | 31.41 | 25.69 | 35.78 | 32.32 | 31.52 | 28.66 | 28.59 | 23.05 | 31.42 | 4.65 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.92 | 0.51 | 0.14 | 0.14 |
EE | HE | MON | CTL | SEM | Contrast p-Value | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |||
Archaea | 0.88 | 1.03 | 0.87 | 0.95 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.60 | 0.69 | 1.06 | 1.00 | 0.14 | 0.71 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.46 | 0.98 |
Fibrobacter succinogenes | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.60 | 0.52 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.74 | 0.52 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.96 | 0.02 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.57 |
Ruminococcus flavefaciens | 1.03 | 1.10 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 0.71 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 1.21 | 1.00 | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.46 | * | 0.54 | 0.59 |
Protozoa | 1.13 | 0.82 | 1.13 | 0.51 | 1.62 | 1.36 | 0.99 | 1.49 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 0.29 | 0.35 | 0.09 | 0.62 | 0.01 | 0.81 | 0.04 |
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Freitas, R.S.X.d.; Silva, J.S.d.; Alves, T.C.; Oliveira, A.L.d.; Bueno, I.C.d.S. Can Marandu Grass (Urochloa brizantha) Extract Modulate Methanogenesis and Rumen Microbiota? Agriculture 2024, 14, 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081419
Freitas RSXd, Silva JSd, Alves TC, Oliveira ALd, Bueno ICdS. Can Marandu Grass (Urochloa brizantha) Extract Modulate Methanogenesis and Rumen Microbiota? Agriculture. 2024; 14(8):1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081419
Chicago/Turabian StyleFreitas, Rafaela Scalise Xavier de, Janaina Silveira da Silva, Teresa Cristina Alves, Alessandra Lopes de Oliveira, and Ives Cláudio da Silva Bueno. 2024. "Can Marandu Grass (Urochloa brizantha) Extract Modulate Methanogenesis and Rumen Microbiota?" Agriculture 14, no. 8: 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14081419