Free Gossypol Removal and Nutritional Value Enhancement of Cottonseed Meal via Solid-State Fermentation with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa TG529
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Isolation of the Gossypol-Biodegrading Strains
2.3. Identification of the Strains
2.4. Determination of Growth Curves
2.5. Optimization of Solid-State Fermentation Conditions
2.6. ARTP Mutation Breeding of Strains
2.7. Chemical Composition of the FCSM
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Strain Screening and Identification
3.2. Identification of the FG Biodegrading Strain
3.3. Growth Study of R. mucilaginosa TG529
3.4. Optimization of Solid-State Fermentation Condition
3.5. Nutritional Value of R. mucilaginosa-Fermented Cottonseed Meal
3.6. ARTP Mutagenesis in R. mucilaginosa TG 529
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | CSM | FCSM | FCSM-ARTP |
---|---|---|---|
Gross energy (MJ/kg) | 19.34 ± 0.05 | 19.30 ± 0.03 | 19.33 ± 0.02 |
Crude protein content (%) | 46.04 ± 0.08 b | 51.23 ± 0.02 a | 51.67 ± 0.32 |
Acid-soluble protein contents (%) | 4.58 ± 0.04 b | 8.49 ± 0.29 Ba | 10.47 ± 0.23 Aa |
Dry matter (%) | 95.03 ± 0.22 | 95.01 ± 0.31 | 95.92 ± 0.09 |
Ether extract (%) | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 1.24 ± 0.05 | 1.26 ± 0.02 |
Crude fiber (%) | 16.45 ± 0.08 a | 14.30 ± 0.29 b | 14.20 ± 0.15 |
NDF (%) | 34.55 ± 0.42 a | 29.92 ± 1.21 Ab | 25.07 ± 2.32 Ba |
ADF (%) | 21.02 ± 0.23 a | 20.38 ± 0.29 b | 21.27 ± 0.81 |
Items | CSM | FCSM | FCSM-ARTP |
---|---|---|---|
Lysine | 1.55 ± 0.01 b | 2.13 ± 0.02 a | 2.10 ± 0.10 |
Methionine | 0.22 ± 0.02 b | 0.57 ± 0.04 a | 0.59 ± 0.08 |
Threonine | 1.05 ± 0.05 b | 1.44 ± 0.12 a | 1.56 ± 0.09 |
Tryptophan | 0.29 ± 0.02 b | 0.64 ± 0.05 a | 0.63 ± 0.07 |
Arginine | 3.57 ± 0.04 b | 5.32 ± 0.12 a | 5.35 ± 0.12 |
Histidine | 0.89 ± 0.06 b | 1.29 ± 0.03 a | 1.30 ± 0.08 |
Isoleucine | 1.02 ± 0.03 b | 1.64 ± 0.07 a | 1.65 ± 0.03 |
Leucine | 2.02 ± 0.09 b | 2.54 ± 0.12 a | 2.50 ± 0.14 |
Phenylalanine | 1.96 ± 0.02 b | 2.50 ± 0.05 aB | 2.80 ± 0.09 A |
Valine | 1.50 ± 0.05 b | 2.42 ± 0.10 a | 2.33 ± 0.07 |
Alanine | 1.33 ± 0.02 b | 1.94 ± 0.03 a | 1.93 ± 0.13 |
Aspartic acid | 3.10 ± 0.03 b | 4.48 ± 0.13 a | 4.49 ± 0.19 |
Cystine | 0.34 ± 0.04 b | 0.69 ± 0.02 a | 0.64 ± 0.11 |
Glutamic acid | 6.52 ± 0.30 b | 10.57 ± 0.32 a | 10.50 ± 0.15 |
Glycine | 1.36 ± 0.01 b | 1.81 ± 0.07 a | 1.76 ± 0.21 |
Proline | 1.39 ± 0.03 b | 2.02 ± 0.07 a | 2.10 ± 0.20 |
Serine | 1.23 ± 0.03 b | 1.75 ± 0.05 a | 1.67 ± 0.15 |
Tyrosine | 0.89 ± 0.03 b | 1.22 ± 0.13 a | 1.24 ± 0.14 |
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Liu, B.; Liu, H.; Liu, D.; Zhou, M.; Jiang, Q.; Ma, X.; Wang, J.; Tan, B.; Zhang, C. Free Gossypol Removal and Nutritional Value Enhancement of Cottonseed Meal via Solid-State Fermentation with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa TG529. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1463. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091463
Liu B, Liu H, Liu D, Zhou M, Jiang Q, Ma X, Wang J, Tan B, Zhang C. Free Gossypol Removal and Nutritional Value Enhancement of Cottonseed Meal via Solid-State Fermentation with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa TG529. Agriculture. 2024; 14(9):1463. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091463
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Bifan, Huanyu Liu, Daohe Liu, Miao Zhou, Qian Jiang, Xiaokang Ma, Jing Wang, Bi’e Tan, and Chen Zhang. 2024. "Free Gossypol Removal and Nutritional Value Enhancement of Cottonseed Meal via Solid-State Fermentation with Rhodotorula mucilaginosa TG529" Agriculture 14, no. 9: 1463. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091463