Effects of Storage Time and Temperature on the Fermentation Characteristics of Rumen Fluid from a High-Forage Diet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Source of Rumen Fluid
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Parameter Determination
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Rumen Fermentation Parameter
3.2. VFA Concentration
3.3. VFA Proportion
4. Discussion
4.1. Dynamic Changes in Fermentation Parameters of Rumen Fluid as Preservation Time and Temperature Varied
4.2. Dynamic Changes in VFA Concentration and Proportion of Rumen Fluid as Preservation Time and Temperature Varied
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredient | % of DM | Chemical Composition | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Peanut straw | 68.58 | Metabolizable energy, Mcal/kg | 1.93 |
Corn | 11.22 | Crude protein, % | 14.64 |
Soybean meal | 11.17 | Neutral detergent fiber, % | 40.67 |
Wheat bran | 4.65 | Acid detergent fiber, % | 29.87 |
Calcium hydrogen phosphate | 0.15 | ||
Sodium bicarbonate | 0.24 | ||
Salt | 0.49 | ||
Premix 1 | 3.50 | ||
Total | 100.00 |
Item | Storage Temperature | Preservation Time 1 | SEM 3 | p-Value 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D0 | D7 | D14 | D30 | D60 | D120 | D240 | Time | Temperature | Interaction | |||
pH value | −80 °C | 6.93 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 6.95 | 6.99 | 6.98 | 6.84 | ||||
−20 °C | 6.93 | 7.06 | 7.14 | 6.93 | 7.06 | 7.08 | 7.03 | 0.351 | 0.002 | 0.877 | 0.164 | |
Average | 6.93 | 7.03 | 7.07 | 6.94 | 7.03 | 7.03 | 6.93 | |||||
P1* 2 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.804 | 0.040 | 0.059 | 0.836 | ||||||
MCP (mg·L−1) | −80 °C | 438.37 | 395.33 | 388.57 | 347.48 | 543.55 | 273.54 | 318.30 | ||||
−20 °C | 438.37 | 391.47 | 371.24 | 331.91 | 480.22 | 223.35 | 273.26 | 70.382 | <0.001 | 0.781 | 0.455 | |
Average | 438.37 | 393.40 | 379.90 | 339.69 | 511.88 | 248.44 | 295.78 | |||||
P1* | 0.031 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
NH3-N (mg·dL−1) | −80 °C | 13.41 | 13.25 | 12.81 | 13.50 | 15.11 | 12.18 | 12.56 | ||||
−20 °C | 13.41 | 13.20 | 12.35 | 12.61 | 13.74 | 12.61 | 11.60 | 2.166 | <0.001 | 0.885 | 0.637 | |
Average | 13.41 | 13.22 | 12.58 | 13.05 | 14.43 | 12.40 | 12.03 | |||||
P1* | 0.487 | 0.042 | 0.418 | 0.271 | 0.087 | 0.085 |
Item | Storage Temperature | Preservation Time 1 | SEM 3 | p-Value 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D0 | D7 | D14 | D30 | D60 | D120 | D240 | Time | Temperature | Interaction | |||
Acetate | −80 °C | 40.70 | 40.15 | 39.39 | 42.93 | 46.42 | 44.62 | 40.54 | ||||
−20 °C | 40.70 | 39.99 | 39.74 | 44.83 | 48.86 | 42.15 | 42.70 | 9.953 | <0.001 | 0.966 | 0.640 | |
Average | 40.70 | 40.07 | 39.57 | 43.88 | 47.64 | 43.39 | 41.62 | |||||
P1* 2 | 0.345 | 0.356 | 0.009 | 0.001 | 0.034 | 0.447 | ||||||
Propionate | −80 °C | 9.84 | 9.39 | 9.13 | 9.90 | 11.24 | 11.07 | 10.23 | 3.225 | 0.022 | 0.964 | 0.752 |
−20 °C | 9.84 | 9.41 | 9.30 | 10.24 | 12.12 | 10.68 | 10.69 | |||||
Average | 9.84 | 9.40 | 9.21 | 10.07 | 11.68 | 10.88 | 10.46 | |||||
P1* | 0.056 | 0.178 | 0.560 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.227 | ||||||
Isobutyrate | −80 °C | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 0.28 | <0.001 | 0.932 | 0.301 | |
−20 °C | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.53 | 0.47 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.068 | ||||
Average | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.33 | 0.28 | |||||
P1* | 0.159 | 0.247 | 0.192 | 0.478 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Butyrate | −80 °C | 6.12 | 5.90 | 5.99 | 6.01 | 8.03 | 7.41 | 6.30 | 0.001 | 0.952 | 0.705 | |
−20 °C | 6.12 | 5.82 | 5.82 | 6.66 | 8.34 | 7.20 | 6.98 | 1.974 | ||||
Average | 6.12 | 5.86 | 5.91 | 6.34 | 8.18 | 7.30 | 6.64 | |||||
P1* | 0.154 | 0.365 | 0.513 | 0.005 | 0.013 | 0.112 | ||||||
Isovalerate | −80 °C | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 0.44 | <0.001 | 0.907 | 0.107 | |
−20 °C | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.88 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.50 | 0.104 | ||||
Average | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.80 | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.47 | |||||
P1* | 0.321 | 0.590 | 0.295 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Valerate | −80 °C | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.64 | <0.001 | 0.942 | 0.701 | |
−20 °C | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.73 | 0.69 | 0.124 | ||||
Average | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.67 | |||||
P1* | 0.384 | 0.510 | 0.621 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Branched chain volatile fatty acids | −80 °C | 1.77 | 1.72 | 1.74 | 1.70 | 1.82 | 1.67 | 1.37 | <0.001 | 0.909 | 0.116 | |
−20 °C | 1.77 | 1.71 | 1.73 | 2.02 | 1.80 | 1.56 | 1.47 | 0.237 | ||||
Average | 1.77 | 1.71 | 1.73 | 1.86 | 1.81 | 1.61 | 1.42 | |||||
P1* | 0.237 | 0.401 | 0.327 | 0.405 | 0.005 | <0.001 | ||||||
Total volatile fatty acids | −80 °C | 58.44 | 57.17 | 56.26 | 60.54 | 67.52 | 64.77 | 58.43 | <0.001 | 0.962 | 0.741 | |
−20 °C | 58.44 | 56.94 | 56.58 | 63.75 | 71.11 | 61.59 | 61.83 | 14.826 | ||||
Average | 58.44 | 57.05 | 56.42 | 62.15 | 69.31 | 63.18 | 60.13 | |||||
P1* | 0.170 | 0.288 | 0.054 | 0.001 | 0.020 | 0.374 |
Item | Storage Temperature | Preservation Time 1 | SEM 3 | p-Value 4 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D0 | D7 | D14 | D30 | D60 | D120 | D240 | Time | Temperature | Interaction | |||
Acetate | −80 °C | 70.13 | 70.54 | 70.14 | 71.33 | 69.82 | 69.97 | 70.66 | ||||
−20 °C | 70.13 | 70.46 | 70.42 | 70.44 | 69.86 | 69.52 | 70.30 | 1.083 | 0.227 | 0.889 | 0.669 | |
Average | 70.13 | 70.50 | 70.28 | 70.88 | 69.84 | 69.74 | 70.48 | |||||
P1* 2 | 0.204 | 0.653 | 0.041 | 0.518 | 0.378 | 0.457 | ||||||
Propionate | −80 °C | 16.52 | 16.26 | 16.22 | 16.08 | 16.32 | 16.67 | 16.54 | 0.238 | 0.997 | 0.982 | |
−20 °C | 16.52 | 16.21 | 16.21 | 16.06 | 16.34 | 16.71 | 16.61 | 1.496 | ||||
Average | 16.52 | 16.24 | 16.21 | 16.07 | 16.33 | 16.69 | 16.57 | |||||
P1* | 0.030 | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.454 | 0.324 | 0.888 | ||||||
Isobutyrate | −80 °C | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.67 | 0.69 | <0.001 | 0.977 | 0.271 | |
−20 °C | 0.99 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 1.05 | 0.87 | 0.68 | 0.61 | 0.182 | ||||
Average | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.68 | 0.65 | |||||
P1* | 0.142 | 0.182 | 0.647 | 0.007 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Butyrate | −80 °C | 9.65 | 9.53 | 9.96 | 9.19 | 10.63 | 10.28 | 9.89 | 0.005 | 0.935 | 0.561 | |
−20 °C | 9.65 | 9.65 | 9.67 | 9.73 | 10.67 | 10.66 | 10.15 | 1.285 | ||||
Average | 9.65 | 9.59 | 9.81 | 9.46 | 10.65 | 10.47 | 10.02 | |||||
P1* | 0.683 | 0.474 | 0.311 | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.108 | ||||||
Isovalerate | −80 °C | 1.68 | 1.65 | 1.67 | 1.53 | 1.10 | 1.12 | 1.00 | <0.001 | 0.939 | 0.420 | |
−20 °C | 1.68 | 1.68 | 1.68 | 1.71 | 1.03 | 1.11 | 1.07 | 0.284 | ||||
Average | 1.68 | 1.67 | 1.68 | 1.62 | 1.07 | 1.12 | 1.03 | |||||
P1* | 0.296 | 0.907 | 0.095 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Valerate | −80 °C | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 0.98 | 1.23 | 1.28 | 1.23 | <0.001 | 0.929 | 0.788 | |
−20 °C | 1.03 | 1.04 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.22 | 1.31 | 1.26 | 0.093 | ||||
Average | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.05 | 0.99 | 1.22 | 1.30 | 1.24 | |||||
P1* | 0.437 | 0.334 | 0.116 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||||
Acetate/Propionate | −80 °C | 4.43 | 4.50 | 4.48 | 4.60 | 4.48 | 4.37 | 4.53 | 0.202 | 0.958 | 0.979 | |
−20 °C | 4.43 | 4.51 | 4.50 | 4.53 | 4.46 | 4.33 | 4.43 | 0.393 | ||||
Average | 4.43 | 4.50 | 4.49 | 4.56 | 4.47 | 4.35 | 4.48 | |||||
P1* | 0.048 | 0.162 | 0.002 | 0.546 | 0.282 | 0.648 | ||||||
Branched chain volatile fatty acids | −80 °C | 3.69 | 3.67 | 3.68 | 3.40 | 3.22 | 3.08 | 2.91 | <0.001 | 0.949 | 0.177 | |
−20 °C | 3.69 | 3.68 | 3.70 | 3.78 | 3.12 | 3.10 | 2.94 | 0.546 | ||||
Average | 3.69 | 3.68 | 3.69 | 3.59 | 3.17 | 3.09 | 2.92 | |||||
P1* | 0.669 | 0.943 | 0.161 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Fu, C.; Qu, M.; Ouyang, K.; Qiu, Q. Effects of Storage Time and Temperature on the Fermentation Characteristics of Rumen Fluid from a High-Forage Diet. Agriculture 2024, 14, 1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091481
Fu C, Qu M, Ouyang K, Qiu Q. Effects of Storage Time and Temperature on the Fermentation Characteristics of Rumen Fluid from a High-Forage Diet. Agriculture. 2024; 14(9):1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091481
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Chuanpei, Mingren Qu, Kehui Ouyang, and Qinghua Qiu. 2024. "Effects of Storage Time and Temperature on the Fermentation Characteristics of Rumen Fluid from a High-Forage Diet" Agriculture 14, no. 9: 1481. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14091481