Surface and Subsurface Transport of Nitrate Loss from the Selected Bioenergy Crop Fields: Systematic Review, Analysis and Future Directions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Systematic Literature Search
2.2. Selection Criteria
- Articles must have been published in a peer-reviewed scientific Journal.
- Articles should discuss nitrate loss for at least one bioenergy crop such as corn, Miscanthus and switchgrass.
- Articles should discuss nitrate loss through experimental field studies.
- Articles should report annual scale study of nitrate loss with their full length of measurement covering the entire year.
- In all cases, articles should have reported nitrate loss with a sufficient description of experimental and environmental conditions.
2.3. Database Preparation
2.4. Multilinear Regression Modeling
3. Results
4. Nitrate Losses from Corn Fields
4.1. Surface Nitrate Loss
4.2. Subsurface Nitrate Loss
4.3. Continuous Corn versus Corn in Rotation
4.4. Soil Types and Nitrate Loss
4.5. Effect of Tillage on Nitrate Loss
4.6. Effect of Tile and Controlled Drainage
4.7. Effect of Irrigation
4.8. Timing and Type of the Fertilizer Application
5. Nitrate Loss from Miscanthus and Switchgrass
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Type | Annual Rainfall (t-1) | Annual Rainfall (t) | Fertilization (t-1) | Fertilization (t) | R2 From MLR | Adj-R2 | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandy Loam | −0.32 | −0.19 | 0.57 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.42 | |
Silty Loam | 0.19 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.38 | 0.58 | 0.42 | |
Clay Loam | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.2 | Some silt are mixed, |
Nitrate Leaching in kgN/ha for 0 KgN/ha Fertilizer | Nitrate Leaching in kgN/ha for 60 KgN/ha Fertilizer Application | Nitrate Leaching in kgN/ha for 120 KgN/ha Fertilizer Application |
---|---|---|
6.4 | 7.1 | 13.3 |
8.45 | 19.65 | 57.95 |
3 | 11 | 30 |
Nitrate Loss from Switchgrass Fields | |||
---|---|---|---|
McIssac et al. | Smith et al. | ||
Year | Nitrate leaching in various years | Year | Nitrate leaching in various years |
2006–2007 | 0.3 | 2008–2009 | 23.2 |
2007–2008 | 0.4 | 2009–2010 | 8 |
2008–2009 | 3.9 | 2010–2011 | 8.3 |
2009–2010 | 1.1 | 2011–2012 | 5.1 |
Nitrate Loss from Miscanthus Fields | |||
McIssac et al. | Smith et al. | ||
Year | Nitrate leaching in various years | Year | Nitrate leaching in various years |
2006–2007 | 6.6 | 2008–2009 | 76 |
2007–2008 | 1.6 | 2009–2010 | 30.2 |
2008–2009 | 1.5 | 2010–2011 | 17.3 |
2009–2010 | 3 | 2011–2012 | 2.3 |
Crops | Pre-Establishment N Fertilization Practice | Post-Establishment N Fertilization Practice | Source | Plant Root Densities |
---|---|---|---|---|
Switchgrass | 0 | 22.4 kg t-1 DM | Khanna et al. [72] | |
0 | 50–100 kg/ha | |||
0 | 100–140 kg/ha | |||
Miscanthus | 60 kg/ha, 103.9 kg/ha | 50–80 kg/ha | 1–2 plants/m2 | |
88–130 kg/ha | 2 plants/m2 | |||
Corn | NA | 190–220 | Randall et al. [50] and Hofmann et al. [63] |
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Sharma, S.; Chaubey, I. Surface and Subsurface Transport of Nitrate Loss from the Selected Bioenergy Crop Fields: Systematic Review, Analysis and Future Directions. Agriculture 2017, 7, 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture7030027
Sharma S, Chaubey I. Surface and Subsurface Transport of Nitrate Loss from the Selected Bioenergy Crop Fields: Systematic Review, Analysis and Future Directions. Agriculture. 2017; 7(3):27. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture7030027
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharma, Suresh, and Indrajeet Chaubey. 2017. "Surface and Subsurface Transport of Nitrate Loss from the Selected Bioenergy Crop Fields: Systematic Review, Analysis and Future Directions" Agriculture 7, no. 3: 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture7030027