Analysis of Production Laws of Hydrate Reservoirs via Combined Heat Injection and Depressurization Based on Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Model Building
2.1. The Difference between a Fluid–Solid Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium (LTNE) Model and Fluid–Solid Thermal Equilibrium (LTE) Model
2.2. Building of the Unsteady Heat Transfer Model Considering Fluid–Solid Thermal Non-Equilibrium in the Porous Medium
2.2.1. Assumptions in the Model Building
2.2.2. Energy Equation of the Solid Phase
2.2.3. Energy Equation of the Fluid
2.2.4. Interfacial Convective Heat Transfer Equation
2.2.5. Auxiliary Equations
3. Numerical Solution
3.1. Simulation of a Hydrate Reservoir in the X2 Sea Area
3.2. Numerical Model of the Hydrate Reservoir’s Development
4. Analysis of Production Laws
4.1. Production Patterns of Fluids during Hydrate Extraction
4.2. Temperature and Pressure Response Characteristics of the Hydrate Reservoir
4.3. Spatial Distribution of Saturation
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The whole hydrate development process can be subdivided into five stages, with the turning points of the trends in the gas production rate as the dividing points: the initial stage of depressurization (0–50 days), the remaining depressurization period (from the 50th day to 1 year), the early stage of heat injection (from the end of the 1st year to 2.6 years), the middle stage of heat injection (2.6–6.1 years of production), and the later stage of heat injection (6.0–8.0 years).
- (2)
- In this 8-year production cycle, hydrate extraction by depressurization alone would have a cumulative gas production of 18.3166 million m3 and a cumulative water production of 2.2298 million m3, in comparison, the hydrate extraction conducted using a combined heat injection and depressurization would have a cumulative gas production of 31.609 million m3 and a cumulative water production of 1.5219 million m3, which are 72.57% higher and 31.75% lower than those of depressurization alone, respectively.
- (3)
- As the hydrate reservoir, dominated by argillaceous siltstone, had extremely low permeability, the 8 MPa isobar only extended to 18. 91 m after one year of depressurization extraction, with the pressure drop range very limited. When water was injected, the pressure gradient between the injection well and production well rose significantly. At the early stage of water injection, the isotherms also expanded at an approximate linear rate of 24 m·a−1, before the isotherms of 52.0 °C, 40.8 °C and 29.7 °C the expanded forward slowly at a rate of 1.32 m·a−1, 2.44 m·a−1 and 6.19 m·a−1, respectively. The ultimate extension depth of the 52.0 °C isotherm was only about 48 m.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Water depth | 1225 m | Sea surface temperature | 20 °C |
Hydrate reservoir pressure | 15.45 MPa | Hydrate reservoir temperature | 17.10 °C |
Permeability of the caprock layer and bottom layer | 1.5 × 10−3 μm2 | Permeability of the hydrate layer | 2.38 × 10−3 μm2 |
Thickness of the caprock layer and bottom layer | 20 m | Thickness of the hydrate layer | 45 m |
Porosity of the caprock layer and bottom layer | 0.31 | Hydrate layer porosity | 0.373 |
Mixture layer permeability | 6.63 ×10−3 μm2 | Gas layer permeability | 6.8 × 10−3 μm2 |
Mixture layer thickness | 25 m | Gas layer thickness | 20 m |
Mixture layer porosity | 0.346 | Gas layer porosity | 0.347 |
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Shan, Z.; Zhou, B.; Kong, Q.; Wang, X.; Liao, Y.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, J. Analysis of Production Laws of Hydrate Reservoirs via Combined Heat Injection and Depressurization Based on Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 1408. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081408
Shan Z, Zhou B, Kong Q, Wang X, Liao Y, Wang Z, Zhang J. Analysis of Production Laws of Hydrate Reservoirs via Combined Heat Injection and Depressurization Based on Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(8):1408. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081408
Chicago/Turabian StyleShan, Zhengfeng, Boyu Zhou, Qingwen Kong, Xiansi Wang, Youqiang Liao, Zhiyuan Wang, and Jianbo Zhang. 2024. "Analysis of Production Laws of Hydrate Reservoirs via Combined Heat Injection and Depressurization Based on Local Thermal Non-Equilibrium" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 8: 1408. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081408