Population Characteristics and Habitat Management of the Useful Seaweed Silvetia siliquosa
1
Department of Ecological Engineering, Pukyoung National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Ecology and Conservation, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(9), 1471; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091471
Submission received: 7 August 2024
/
Revised: 21 August 2024
/
Accepted: 22 August 2024
/
Published: 23 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Biota Distribution and Biodiversity)
Abstract
:We aimed to analyze the natural population characteristics and habitat growth conditions of the valuable seaweed Silvetia siliquosa. Its population characteristics and habitat conditions were assessed monthly from May 2022 to April 2023 and April to August 2022, respectively, on selected habitats. The average population density, coverage, and frequency of S. siliquosa were 579 ± 94.18 ind./m2, 27.82 ± 6.92%/m2, and 78.37 ± 5.98/m2, respectively. The average thallus length and width were 47.53 ± 4.35 and 46.33 ± 4.17 mm, respectively, while the branch width, thickness, and frequency were 2.35 ± 0.03 mm, 0.59 ± 0.12 mm, and 2.8 ± 0.2 times, with a receptacle length and width of 24.13 ± 2.07 and 2.81 ± 0.19 mm, respectively. Among the 40 previously known natural habitats of S. siliquosa, growth was confirmed only in Sepo, Sebang, and Bangpo. The causes for the declining S. siliquosa populations could be attributed to habitat changes due to construction, coastal road maintenance projects, habitat disturbances, and increased pollutants. Habitat substrate disturbances and changes were the main causes of the decrease in S. siliquosa growth. Studies on environmental factors and habitat degradation, growth related to environmental factors, mass cultivation, and the marine ecosystem restoration of S. siliquosa are needed.
1. Introduction
Silvetia siliquosa belongs to the family of brown algae [1] and is a perennial seaweed found in the intertidal zones of the temperate northern hemisphere. Its body is monoecious, with inflated upper branches functioning like air sacs; S. siliquosa reproduces by producing receptacles on mature branches [2,3,4,5]. In South Korea, S. siliquosa forms colonies in the intertidal rocky zones of the west and south coasts, and it is also known to inhabit the intertidal zones of the Shandong Peninsula in China [3,6,7,8]. In South Korea, it widely forms colonies and grows across the entire south coast and the intertidal rocky zones of the west coast, and could be easily harvested [9]. However, its colonies have decreased in number near the mainland coast, and growth is rarely observed [10]. Recently, the government designated S. siliquosa as a protected seaweed, setting a harvesting ban period (from 1 August to 30 September every year) to protect natural populations [9].
Seaweeds, as primary producers in the marine ecosystem [11], growing in intertidal habitats, form healthy colonies that provide habitats, spawning places, and breeding and feeding grounds for useful marine organisms such as coastal fish, shellfish, and other important fisheries resources [12,13,14]. They also serve as food sources for various marine organisms [15] and contribute to ecosystem services related to marine biomass productivity, playing an ecologically important role [16].
Coastal erosion and habitat changes in Korea are considered to have occurred regionally since the 1960s [2], and the affected areas have been continuously expanding [17]. On the east coast, approximately 62% of habitats are undergoing or experiencing severe coastal erosion, and on the south coast, approximately 30% of habitats are affected by coastal erosion [18,19]. Therefore, coastal erosion and habitat changes are expected to accelerate, increasing damage such as coastal ecosystem destruction and resource depletion [17].
Silvetia siliquosa is known to compete for space with other seaweeds such as Sargassum fusiforme and Sargassum thunbergii in the upper intertidal zone [20,21]. According to the literature, S. siliquosa is distributed not only along the west and south coasts of Korea but also in many areas of the east coast such as Naksan, Busan, Geoje, and Jeju [5,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. Recently, intertidal habitats have been damaged due to coastal development, industrial complex construction, marine pollution, rising seawater temperatures due to global warming, land reclamation, and the inflow of domestic wastewater, making it difficult to find habitats near the mainland coast [29,30,31,32].
This study was conducted to collect data on the characteristics of the natural population and habitat of S. siliquosa, a useful seaweed showing a declining trend in natural habitats and colonies along the Korean coast, focusing on the natural populations along the Jindo coast and the various causes of habitat reduction. The results of this study will be used to establish a basis for the protection, recovery, and conservation of natural S. siliquosa populations and to accumulate scientific data for the restoration of habitat and enhancement of marine ecosystem resources.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Overview of the Study Area
The selected study site is around Sepo Port in Gahak-ri, Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do, where natural populations of S. siliquosa were analyzed monthly from May 2022 to April 2023 (Figure 1). The study site was chosen for its stable S. siliquosa colonies growing on gently sloping rocky intertidal zones with a hard substrate (34°25′08.8″ N 126°05′37.4″ E).
2.2. Marine Environment Analysis
This study was conducted monthly from May 2022 to April 2023. Environmental factors were measured on-site using a multiparameter water quality meter (YSI Pro DSS, YSI Inc., Yellow Springs, OH, USA), including surface water temperature (SST), salinity, hydrogen ion concentration (pH), and dissolved oxygen (DO), and a Secchi disk was used to measure transparency.
2.3. Population Monitoring Analysis
Population characteristics were recorded by randomly placing quadrats (50 cm × 50 cm) on the rocky intertidal zone where S. siliquosa inhabits, photographing them, and calculating density, coverage, and frequency using the following equations:
Density (D) = number of S. siliquosa individuals within the quadrat;
Coverage (C) = area occupied by S. siliquosa/total area of the quadrat × 100;
Frequency (F) = number of quadrats where S. siliquosa appears/total number of quadrats × 100.
Growth characteristics were measured using Vernier calipers and a tape measure to record thallus length, thallus width, branch width, branch thickness, branching frequency, receptacle length, receptacle diameter, number of receptacles, and total number of branches (Figure 2).
2.4. Natural Habitat Survey
Reviewing 92 domestic publications (including reports and research papers) from 1913 to 2021 revealed 179 habitats. Accessible habitats were selected, excluding island areas, habitats destroyed by coastal development, and regions with missing or erroneous coordinates (Table 1). The distribution and habitat status of S. siliquosa were investigated, monitoring a total of 40 natural habitats.
In natural habitats, the presence of S. siliquosa was visually confirmed. If present, a non-destructive quantitative survey was conducted using quadrats (50 cm × 50 cm), and the distribution characteristics (density, coverage, and frequency) of S. siliquosa were analyzed.
3. Results
3.1. Marine Environment
The marine environment measurements at the study site in Jindo-gun were as follows: water temperatures, 6.6–21.8 °C, salinity level 33.24–35.30 PSU; pH, 6.52–8.21; DO, 6.34–9.20 mg/L; and transparency, 0.3–0.5 m. The water temperature peaked in September and was the lowest in February, showing a seasonal pattern. Salinity and pH remained similar throughout the year. The DO levels was above 9 mg/L from December to April and below 8 mg/L from June to November, indicating seasonal differences (Table 2).
3.2. Population Monitoring
The average population density of S. siliquosa was found to be 579 ± 94.18 ind./m2, with a coverage of 27.82 ± 6.92%/m2 and a frequency of 78.37 ± 5.98/m2. The highest density was 1336.00 ± 80.65 ind./m2 in October and the lowest was 122.00 ± 65.90 ind./m2 in May. Coverage was the highest in August at 53.00 ± 9.30%/m2 and lowest in February at 11.28 ± 6.11%/m2. Frequency was the highest in September at 98.00 ± 2.00%/m2 and lowest in December at 52.00 ± 2.59%/m2 (Table 3).
The morphological characteristics of S. siliquosa thalli were as follows: thallus length, 47.53 ± 4.35 mm; thallus width, 46.33 ± 4.17 mm; branch width, 2.35 ± 0.03 mm; branch thickness, 0.59 ± 0.12 mm; branching frequency, 2.8 ± 0.2 times; receptacle length, 24.13 ± 2.07 mm; and receptacle width, 2.81 ± 0.19 mm. The thallus length and width reached the maximum in July at 76.23 ± 4.67 mm and 70.83 ± 3.43 mm, respectively, and the minimum in February at 22.56 ± 2.86 mm and 26.34 ± 2.70 mm, respectively. The branch width reached the maximum in June at 2.75 ± 0.04 mm and the minimum in January at 1.85 ± 0.02 mm. The branch thickness reached the maximum in May at 0.82 ± 0.15 mm and the minimum in February at 0.44 ± 0.12 mm. The branching frequency reached the maximum in June at 4.2 ± 0.3 times and the minimum in February at 1.9 ± 0.3 times. The receptacle length reached the maximum in May at 35.33 ± 1.95 mm and the minimum in January at 15.53 ± 2.45 mm. The receptacle width reached the maximum in August at 3.55 ± 0.23 mm and the minimum in February at 2.13 ± 0.14 mm (Table 4).
3.3. Natural Habitats
We investigated the distribution and habitat status of S. siliquosa in 40 selected natural habitats based on the available literature and confirmed S. siliquosa growth in a total of three habitats. Among them, Sepo had a wide formation of S. siliquosa colonies of various sizes, but in the Sebang and Bangpo areas, only a few individuals were found (Figure 3).
The presumed causes for the disappearance of S. siliquosa populations in many habitats included the following: 1. Habitat changes due to various construction projects around the coast; 2. Coastal road maintenance projects such as the construction of walking paths; 3. Increased pollutants from nearby aquaculture facilities and habitat disturbances caused by various factors; and 4. Other factors acting in combination. Among these, habitat disturbances caused by various factors occurred in 17 of the 40 habitats, and the impact of coastal road construction affected 13 habitats, indicating that disturbances of the substrate and habitat changes were the main causes of the decline in S. siliquosa growth. Ultimately, various anthropogenic activities were found to have a detrimental effect on the marine ecosystem.
4. Discussion
The growth and maturation of seaweeds are influenced by various environmental factors such as water temperature, light, and nutrients [6], and even the same species can show different growth patterns depending on the habitat [7]. The growth in the length and width of S. siliquosa thalli showed distinct seasonal variations, appearing to be most closely related to water temperature changes [7]. The main growth in the length of S. siliquosa thalli occurred from May to August when the water temperature was above 14 °C, with the thallus length and width reaching a maximum in July at 76.23 ± 4.67 mm and 70.83 ± 3.43 mm, respectively, and a minimum in February at 22.56 ± 2.86 mm and 26.34 ± 2.70 mm, respectively, showing a pattern similar to water temperature changes. The S. siliquosa population in Geumgap, Jindo showed a maximum thallus length of 70.00 ± 1.43 mm in June [9], which is similar to the results of this study. A previous study reported a large number of small thalli less than 1 cm appearing after September, but in this study, thalli larger than 2 cm appeared frequently except during the low-temperature period of January to February. The size of S. siliquosa populations in nearby areas such as Sinan, Wando, and Heuksando showed trends similar to those in this study [9], but it was found that growth differed according to habitat characteristics rather than seasonal variations. This observation is similar to the growth characteristics of other seaweeds in the order of Fucales, indicating that water temperature is a crucial environmental factor affecting the growth of seaweeds. The thalli of S. siliquosa inflate and form receptacles at certain times, releasing fertilized eggs between May and October before deteriorating, typically starting from the tips of the receptacles in July. This deterioration affects the length of the thalli, causing morphological changes. The biomass productivity of S. siliquosa is related to changes in the size of the receptacles [21]; in Shandong Bay, China, the size and weight of S. siliquosa thalli rapidly decreased after the end of reproduction [33]. However, the branch width and thickness of individuals that did not detach from the substrate continued to grow. The morphological changes in S. siliquosa are considered to be largely due to the growth patterns affected by water temperature and the thallus loss following the release of zygotes from mature receptacles.
The recruitment of intertidal seaweeds is a crucial factor for benthic habitats, influenced by abiotic factors such as water temperature, light, and attachment space, and biotic factors such as the time required for zygote attachment and predation [34]. Particularly, when two or more factors act together, they can have a decisive effect on seaweed recruitment. Silvetia siliquosa is known to show continuous recruitment of zygotes throughout the year, but there is a known period of mass occurrence [14]. In this study, the simultaneous loss of receptacles and a decrease in density were observed after mass zygote release, but continuous zygote recruitment and thallus growth were also observed. This finding suggests that newly recruited thalli rarely appear after the loss of receptacles on existing thalli, and the recruitment and growth of S. siliquosa thalli occur intensively from July to August. This phenomenon is due to the concentrated recruitment of zygotes from summer to autumn in areas with sufficient attachment space [35]. Similar zygote release and thallus recruitment have been observed in S. siliquosa studies in nearby areas, such as Geumgap in Jindo, Sinan, Heuksan, and Wando [21]. Additionally, the appearance rate of S. siliquosa thalli was higher in substrates where drying stress due to tidal exposure was reduced [36]. Therefore, securing attachment space, and the density and exposure conditions of existing thalli, likely played a decisive role in S. siliquosa recruitment. In winter, the development of reproductive organs and growth in length decrease due to low temperatures, but receptacles form and increase in number as water temperatures rise.
Seaweed growth is closely related to environmental factors. In stable marine areas, increased environmental stress from disturbances, sedimentation, and domestic sewage inflows can reduce species diversity, the number of appearing species, biomass, and coverage [37]. Additionally, coastal areas disturbed by anthropogenic activities or high nutrient inflows quickly shift to communities dominated by turf-forming seaweeds or opportunistic green algae with low productivity compared to highly productive kelp species [14,24]. Although various studies have been conducted to restore and regenerate seaweed habitats [38], research aimed at resource creation and ecological restoration for specific target seaweeds remains passive. In a study of the marine algal community in the Padori area on the west coast, Lee et al. [29] observed significant vegetation changes, with the dominant species of the seaweed community being replaced, noting that the decline in S. siliquosa population was very rapid and severe.
Silvetia siliquosa is highly resistant to desiccation but sensitive to temperature changes, requiring water temperatures not exceeding 25 °C during the reproductive period in summer for growth. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct various studies on environmental factor changes and subsequent habitat degradation. The growth and maturation of seaweeds are influenced by various environmental factors such as water temperature and light [39], and even the same species can show differences depending on the habitat environment [40]. Kim et al. [40] reported that the growth of Meristotheca papulosa populations in Jeju-do peaked during the high-temperature period of July to September. They also noted that the peak growth period of Jeju populations was later than that of populations in Japan’s Tosa Bay, where water temperature is relatively higher during that period, explaining the relationship between seaweed growth and water temperature. As such, habitat water temperature acts as a crucial environmental factor determining the growth and maturation of seaweed populations. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly elucidate the correlations between habitat water temperature and other environmental factors.
Taean [41] reported that the standing crop of brown algae in the intertidal habitat was significantly higher in areas where S. siliquosa flourished. The standing crop was highest in the middle intertidal zones dominated by S. siliquosa from August to autumn. However, recently, S. siliquosa colonies have declined due to various factors along the Korean coast, showing a trend of decreasing natural populations. Periodic inorganic acid treatment used for removing seaweeds and disease prevention, and growth promotion in seaweed farms is suspected to be one of the reasons for the decline in S. siliquosa population. Recently, the rapid decrease in the population of seaweeds due to increased coastal pollution and overharvesting in Korea has created a need for artificial breeding technology for the mass propagation of S. siliquosa [21].
Although the habitat range of S. siliquosa has considerably decreased in recent times, it has traditionally been a representative edible seaweed with high biological resource value, forming dominant colonies in the intertidal rocky zones of the west and south coasts. Owing to an increasing demand for food and medicinal uses, the utilization of S. siliquosa biomass is increasing; it is being traded at 100 USD/kg on a dry weight basis. Therefore, it is essential to conduct various ecological studies on expanding the growth range and adapting to habitat environmental changes to enhance biomass productivity and increase biological resources. Additionally, there is a need to advance research on growth related to environmental factors, mass cultivation, and marine ecosystem restoration.
5. Conclusions
In this study, we aimed to analyze the natural population characteristics and habitat growth conditions of the valuable seaweed S. siliquosa. The average population density, coverage, and frequency of S. siliquosa were 579 ± 94.18 ind./m2, 27.82 ± 6.92%/m2, and 78.37 ± 5.98/m2, respectively. The average thallus length and width were 47.53 ± 4.35 and 46.33 ± 4.17 mm, respectively; the branch width, thickness, and frequency were 2.35 ± 0.03 mm, 0.59 ± 0.12 mm, and 2.8 ± 0.2 times, respectively, with a receptacle length and width of 24.13 ± 2.07 and 2.81 ± 0.19 mm, respectively. Among the 40 previously known natural habitats of S. siliquosa, growth was confirmed only in Sepo, Sebang, and Bangpo. The possible causes for the declining S. siliquosa populations include habitat changes due to construction, coastal road maintenance projects, habitat disturbances, and increased pollutants. Habitat substrate disturbances and changes were the main causes of the decline in S. siliquosa growth. It is essential to conduct various ecological studies on expanding the growth range and adapting to habitat environmental changes to enhance biomass productivity and increase biological resources.
Author Contributions
S.J.H. and J.H.L. conceived, designed, and performed the experiments; Y.J.C. and S.W.J. analyzed the data; C.G.C. wrote and edited the manuscript. We confirm that the manuscript and data are original and have not been previously published or considered elsewhere. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by Dongwon Research Foundation in 2023 (202310380001), Korea Institute of Marine Science & Technology Promotion (KIMST) funded by the Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries (20220537) and the Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology Project (PEA0013 and PEA0016).
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement
Data are contained within the article.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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Figure 1.
Map showing study sites in Jindo-gun, Korea.
Figure 2.
Morphology of Silvetia siliquosa (TH: thallus height; TW: thallus width; BW: branch width; BT: branch thickness; NB: number of branches; RL: receptacle length; RW: receptacle width). The ovals represent the branching point of the thallus.
Figure 2.
Morphology of Silvetia siliquosa (TH: thallus height; TW: thallus width; BW: branch width; BT: branch thickness; NB: number of branches; RL: receptacle length; RW: receptacle width). The ovals represent the branching point of the thallus.
Figure 3.
Field survey sites for habitat identification of Korea.
Table 1.
Locations to monitor the distribution and habitat conditions of Silvetia siliquosa.
| No. | Location | Province | GPS Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sinam | Ulju-gun, Ulsan | 35°20′26.2″ N 129°19′14.0″ E |
| 2 | Dadae | Geoje-si, Gyeongsangnam-do | 34°43′57.3″ N 128°37′23.5″ E |
| 3 | Hwadang | Goseong, Gyeongsangnam-do | 34°58′59.6″ N 128°26′17.7″ E |
| 4 | Seosang | Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do | 34°48′32.1″ N 127°49′50.3″ E |
| 5 | Jakjang | Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do | 34°49′45.8″ N 127°48′56.6″ E |
| 6 | Namhae | Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do | 34°56′32.3″ N 127°52′17.2″ E |
| 7 | Nakpo | Yeosu, Jeollanam-do | 34°51′44.4″ N 127°46′22.7″ E |
| 8 | Imok | Yeosu, Jeollanam-do | 34°40′39.9″ N 127°33′40.1″ E |
| 9 | Ucheon | Goheung, Jeollanam-do | 34°38′02.5″ N 127°29′22.5″ E |
| 10 | Janggye | Goheung, Jeollanam-do | 34°35′03.7″ N 127°08′41.7″ E |
| 11 | Sin-ri | Jangheung, Jeollanam-do | 34°26′07.8″ N 126°51′53.6″ E |
| 12 | Donggo | Wando, Jeollanam-do | 34°19′57.7″ N 126°53′06.6″ E |
| 13 | Dongchon | Wando, Jeollanam-do | 34°19′17.6″ N 126°51′53.0″ E |
| 14 | Myeongsasimni | Wando, Jeollanam-do | 34°19′28.9″ N 126°49′50.8″ E |
| 15 | Gangdok | Wando, Jeollanam-do | 34°20′07.7″ N 126°45′36.5″ E |
| 16 | Galdu | Haenam, Jeollanam-do | 34°17′52.2″ N 126°31′48.6″ E |
| 17 | Hoedong | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°25′18.1″ N 126°20′43.5″ E |
| 18 | Geumgap | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°23′45.0″ N 126°16′33.2″ E |
| 19 | Namdong | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°21′58.2″ N 126°09′13.8″ E |
| 20 | Sepo | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°25′08.8″ N 126°05′37.4″ E |
| 21 | Gahak | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°25′48.7″ N 126°06′00.1″ E |
| 22 | Sebang | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°26′43.8″ N 126°06′34.3″ E |
| 23 | Anchi | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°29′53.6″ N 126°11′18.0″ E |
| 24 | Sanwol | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°30′18.4″ N 126°12′01.5″ E |
| 25 | Suyu | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°31′10.4″ N 126°13′20.2″ E |
| 26 | Ganumok | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°34′08.6″ N 126°14′34.3″ E |
| 27 | Nokjin | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°34′37.1″ N 126°17′13.1″ E |
| 28 | Uldolmok | Jindo, Jeollanam-do | 34°34′22.6″ N 126°17′38.5″ E |
| 29 | Sinsido | Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do | 35°49′30.1″ N 126°26′52.0″ E |
| 30 | Munyeodo 1 | Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do | 35°48′23.5″ N 126°25′01.7″ E |
| 31 | Munyeodo 2 | Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do | 35°48′18.8″ N 126°26′15.4″ E |
| 32 | Seonyudo 1 | Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do | 35°48′28.0″ N 126°24′33.9″ E |
| 33 | Seonyudo 2 | Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do | 35°49′36.2″ N 126°24′59.1″ E |
| 34 | Seonyudo 3 | Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do | 35°49′39.1″ N 126°24′16.4″ E |
| 35 | Jangjado | Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do | 35°48′37.1″ N 126°23′39.7″ E |
| 36 | Daejangdo | Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do | 35°48′53.6″ N 126°23′48.3″ E |
| 37 | Maryang | Seocheon, Chungnam-do | 36°07′45.3″ N 126°30′03.6″ E |
| 38 | Muchangpo | Boryeong, Chungnam-do | 36°14′22.8″ N 126°31′39.3″ E |
| 39 | Bangpo | Taean, Chungnam-do | 36°30′37.1″ N 126°19′42.6″ E |
| 40 | Pado | Taean, Chungnam-do | 36°43′36.0″ N 126°07′52.0″ E |
Table 2.
Measured marine environmental data at the study site during the survey period.
| Measure | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December | January | February | March | April | Mean |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SST (°C) | 14.7 | 16.4 | 19.2 | 19.9 | 21.8 | 18.2 | 15.4 | 11.2 | 7.7 | 6.6 | 8.6 | 13.1 | 14.4 |
| Salinity (PSU) | 35.25 | 35.26 | 34.60 | 34.75 | 34.55 | 33.24 | 33.48 | 33.24 | 33.49 | 33.57 | 33.79 | 33.82 | 34.09 |
| pH | 8.21 | 8.13 | 7.97 | 8.07 | 7.98 | 7.94 | 7.90 | 7.86 | 7.94 | 6.52 | 7.92 | 8.07 | 7.88 |
| DO (mg/L) | 9.20 | 7.85 | 6.88 | 6.34 | 7.18 | 7.24 | 7.67 | 9.82 | 9.57 | 9.67 | 9.52 | 9.15 | 8.34 |
| Transparency (m) | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Table 3.
Changes in Silvetia siliquosa population during the study period. All variables represent standard deviations.
Table 3.
Changes in Silvetia siliquosa population during the study period. All variables represent standard deviations.
| Months | Density (ind./m2) | Coverage (%/m2) | Frequency (%/m2) |
|---|---|---|---|
| May | 122.00 ± 65.90 | 22.47 ± 10.51 | 74.00 ± 13.62 |
| June | 344.00 ± 40.68 | 18.43 ± 3.51 | 85.33 ± 9.51 |
| July | 677.33 ± 102.54 | 46.44 ± 6.84 | 90.44 ± 11.58 |
| August | 770.00 ± 188.49 | 53.00 ± 9.30 | 81.50 ± 6.09 |
| September | 1062.00 ± 157.12 | 47.50 ± 5.17 | 98.00 ± 2.00 |
| October | 1336.00 ± 80.65 | 30.00 ± 7.50 | 97.00 ± 1.91 |
| November | 946.00 ± 82.34 | 26.00 ± 7.65 | 91.00 ± 1.96 |
| December | 571.00 ± 78.00 | 18.00 ± 6.45 | 52.00 ± 2.59 |
| January | 323.00 ± 85.52 | 17.64 ± 4.44 | 61.36 ± 3.62 |
| February | 153.00 ± 65.32 | 11.28 ± 6.11 | 74.21 ± 4.62 |
| March | 289.00 ± 77.65 | 19.31 ± 8.31 | 62.21 ± 6.82 |
| April | 362.54 ± 105.89 | 23.71 ± 7.24 | 73.41 ± 7.45 |
Table 4.
Morphological characteristics of Silvetia siliquosa during the study period (n > 30). All variables represent standard deviations.
Table 4.
Morphological characteristics of Silvetia siliquosa during the study period (n > 30). All variables represent standard deviations.
| Months | TH (mm) | TW (mm) | BW (mm) | BT (mm) | NB (n) | RL (mm) | RW (mm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| May | 64.03 ± 2.70 | 43.94 ± 3.53 | 2.49 ± 0.03 | 0.82 ± 0.15 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 35.33 ± 1.95 | 2.66 ± 0.19 |
| June | 68.69 ± 4.02 | 56.09 ± 2.93 | 2.75 ± 0.04 | 0.78 ± 0.15 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 32.03 ± 1.45 | 2.36 ± 0.14 |
| July | 76.23 ± 4.67 | 70.83 ± 3.43 | 2.41 ± 0.05 | 0.73 ± 0.11 | 3.3 ± 0.2 | 33.61 ± 3.04 | 3.55 ± 0.22 |
| August | 74.47 ± 6.37 | 67.17 ± 6.65 | 2.33 ± 0.03 | 0.59 ± 0.16 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 19.56 ± 3.04 | 3.55 ± 0.23 |
| September | 67.43 ± 6.95 | 65.00 ± 6.19 | 2.07 ± 0.03 | 0.54 ± 0.09 | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 29.03 ± 1.74 | 3.37 ± 0.14 |
| October | 36.66 ± 2.59 | 49.91 ± 3.75 | 2.25 ± 0.01 | 0.50 ± 0.05 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 22.17 ± 1.40 | 3.02 ± 0.20 |
| November | 31.25 ± 2.65 | 36.14 ± 3.83 | 2.13 ± 0.01 | 0.51 ± 0.13 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 18.37 ± 1.43 | 2.83 ± 0.21 |
| December | 28.13 ± 6.65 | 32.53 ± 2.70 | 1.92 ± 0.04 | 0.53 ± 0.12 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 16.53 ± 2.45 | 2.55 ± 0.20 |
| January | 27.54 ± 4.28 | 31.41 ± 6.80 | 1.85 ± 0.02 | 0.47 ± 0.09 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 15.53 ± 2.45 | 2.35 ± 0.16 |
| February | 22.56 ± 2.86 | 26.34 ± 2.70 | 2.23 ± 0.03 | 0.44 ± 0.12 | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 18.13 ± 1.83 | 2.13 ± 0.14 |
| March | 30.56 ± 3.86 | 30.88 ± 3.13 | 2.35 ± 0.02 | 0.49 ± 0.14 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 20.67 ± 1.92 | 2.26 ± 0.21 |
| April | 42.78 ± 4.55 | 45.68 ± 4.41 | 2.42 ± 0.03 | 0.63 ± 0.12 | 3.1 ± 0.2 | 28.62 ± 2.10 | 3.05 ± 0.19 |
TH: thallus height; TW: thallus width; BW: branch width; BT: branch thickness; NB: number of branches; RL: receptacle length; RW: receptacle width.
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MDPI and ACS Style
Choi, C.G.; Choi, Y.J.; Hong, S.J.; Lee, J.H.; Jung, S.W. Population Characteristics and Habitat Management of the Useful Seaweed Silvetia siliquosa. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091471
AMA Style
Choi CG, Choi YJ, Hong SJ, Lee JH, Jung SW. Population Characteristics and Habitat Management of the Useful Seaweed Silvetia siliquosa. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(9):1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091471
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Chang Geun, Young Jae Choi, Seong Jae Hong, Jae Ho Lee, and Seung Wook Jung. 2024. "Population Characteristics and Habitat Management of the Useful Seaweed Silvetia siliquosa" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 9: 1471. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091471
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