Tidal Impacts on Zooplankton Dynamics in a Major Ocean-Lagoon Channel: Insights from a 25-Hour Intensive Survey in the Cotonou Channel, Benin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Tide Characteristics
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis Techniques
2.2.1. Sampling Location and Duration
2.2.2. Physicochemical Parameters
2.2.3. Water Exchange Assessment
2.2.4. Zooplankton Collection, Preservation and Identification
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.3.1. Diversity Indices
- Species richness, which corresponds to the number of species present S.
- Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (H′, in bits), which evaluates the extent of species diversity in the environment using the formula:
- Piélou’s evenness index (J), which measures the evenness (or equitable distribution) of species in a population relative to a theoretical equal distribution among all species. It is calculated using the formula:
2.3.2. Univariate and Multivariate Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Variation of Physicochemical Parameters
3.2. Water Mass Characteristics
3.3. Taxonomic Composition, Diversity, and Abundance of Zooplankton
3.4. Occurrence of Zooplankton Taxa
3.5. Temporal Variation in Zooplankton Diversity and Abundance
3.6. Relationship between Zooplankton and Environmental Parameters
3.7. Variation in Zooplankton Diversity and Abundance Relative to Salinity
4. Discussion
4.1. On the Physicochemical Parameter Variations
4.2. On the Zooplankton Community
4.2.1. Taxonomic Composition and Abundance
4.2.2. Species-Specific Observations
4.2.3. Salinity Effects
4.3. On the Limitations of Our Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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H Test | Mean Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | X2 (df = 2) | p-Values | Freshwater | Mixed Water | Seawater |
Salinity (PSU) | 21.26 *** | 2.41 × 10−5 | 3.3 a | 13.8 b | 35.1 c |
Temperature (°C) | 14.91 *** | 5.79 × 10−4 | 27.0 a | 26.5 a | 24.4 b |
Turbidity (FTU) | 18.24 *** | 1.09 × 10−4 | 123 a | 35 b | 8c |
ANOVA | Mean value | ||||
F–Value (df = 2) | p-values | F | M | S | |
Dissolved oxygen (mg L−1) | 0.56 n.s. | 5.79 × 10−1 | 7.5a | 7.4 a | 7.5 a |
pH | 48.14 *** | 9.23 × 10−9 | 7.8a | 7.9 b | 8.0 c |
Phylum | Groups | Species | Total Relative Abundance | Group-Specific Abundance | Focc (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rotifera | Rotifers | Anuraeopsis navicula Rousselet, 1911 | 0.060 | 0.237 | 16 |
Anuraeopsis fissa (Gosse, 1851) | 0.017 | 0.069 | 20 | ||
Brachionus angularis Gosse, 1851 | 0.108 | 0.428 | 32 | ||
Brachionus bidentatus Anderson, 1889 | 0.012 | 0.048 | 4 | ||
Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766 | 2.128 | 8.477 | 52 | ||
Brachionus caudatus Barrois and Daday, 1894 | 0.154 | 0.612 | 44 | ||
Brachionus falcatus Zacharias, 1898 | 0.036 | 0.144 | 24 | ||
Brachionus mirabilis Daday, 1897 | 0.004 | 0.017 | 4 | ||
Brachionus plicatilis Müller, 1786 | 2.905 | 11.573 | 76 | ||
Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783 | 0.009 | 0.035 | 8 | ||
Keratella cochlearis (Gosse, 1851) | 0.004 | 0.016 | 4 | ||
Keratella lenzi Hauer, 1953 | 0.016 | 0.065 | 4 | ||
Keratella sp. | 0.031 | 0.122 | 16 | ||
Keratella tropica Apstein, 1907) | 0.121 | 0.481 | 40 | ||
Plationus patulus (Müller, 1786) | 0.026 | 0.103 | 12 | ||
Trichotria sp. | 0.004 | 0.016 | 4 | ||
Filinia longiseta (Ehrenberg, 1834) | 3.277 | 13.057 | 64 | ||
Filinia opoliensis (Zacharias, 1898) | 0.152 | 0.604 | 32 | ||
Filinia terminalis (Plate, 1886) | 0.018 | 0.072 | 16 | ||
Lecane leontina (Turner, 1892) | 0.024 | 0.094 | 24 | ||
Monostyla closterocerca (Schmarda, 1859) | 0.004 | 0.015 | 4 | ||
Collurella uncinata (Müller, 1773) | 0.010 | 0.038 | 4 | ||
Lepadella sp. | 0.016 | 0.063 | 12 | ||
Cephallodella sp. | 0.001 | 0.003 | 4 | ||
Resticula melandocus (Gosse, 1887) | 0.010 | 0.038 | 8 | ||
Rotaria neptunia (Ehrenberg, 1830) | 0.004 | 0.017 | 4 | ||
Philodina sp. | 0.033 | 0.131 | 24 | ||
Philodina sp2 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 4 | ||
Polyarthra sp. | 0.040 | 0.160 | 24 | ||
Synchaeta bicornis Smith, 1904 | 15.478 | 61.664 | 80 | ||
Synchaeta pectinata Ehrenberg, 1832 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 4 | ||
Synchaeta grandis Zacharias, 1893 | 0.222 | 0.886 | 44 | ||
Synchaeta sp. | 0.161 | 0.643 | 52 | ||
Testudinella patina (Hermann, 1783) | 0.012 | 0.050 | 8 | ||
Trichocerca brachyura (Gosse, 1851) | 0.004 | 0.016 | 4 | ||
Athropoda | Copepods | Acanthocyclops sp. | 0.075 | 0.103 | 32 |
Cyclopoid sp1 | 0.836 | 1.145 | 92 | ||
Cyclopoid sp2 | 0.075 | 0.103 | 28 | ||
Ectocyclops sp. | 0.327 | 0.447 | 76 | ||
Corycaeus sp. | 0.107 | 0.147 | 20 | ||
Corycaeus sp1 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 4 | ||
Oithona sp. | 7.536 | 10.324 | 88 | ||
Oithona plumifera Baird, 1843 | 0.069 | 0.095 | 28 | ||
Oncaea clevei Früchtl, 1923 | 0.637 | 0.873 | 44 | ||
Calanoid sp1 | 0.013 | 0.018 | 8 | ||
Temora turbinata (Dana, 1849) | 0.228 | 0.313 | 28 | ||
Temora sp. | 3.092 | 4.237 | 52 | ||
Harpacticoid sp. | 0.062 | 0.086 | 44 | ||
Microsetella norvegica (Boeck, 1865) | 0.374 | 0.513 | 44 | ||
Microsetella rosea (Dana, 1847) | 0.035 | 0.048 | 32 | ||
Macrosetella gracilis (Dana, 1846) | 0.149 | 0.204 | 52 | ||
Euterpina acutifrons (Dana, 1847) | 0.906 | 1.242 | 56 | ||
Cladocerans | Moina micrura Kurz, 1875 | 0.184 | 23.792 | 44 | |
Penilia avirostris Dana, 1849 | 0.575 | 74.481 | 44 | ||
Ceriodaphnia sp. | 0.013 | 1.726 | 8 | ||
Cirripeds | Cirripede larva | 0.001 | 0.463 | 4 | |
Decapod | Decapoda sp. | 0.402 | 100 | 52 | |
Ostracod | Ostracoda sp. | 0.019 | 100 | 16 | |
Mollusca | Mollusc | Gastropoda sp. | 0.081 | 100 | 64 |
Chaetognatha | Chaetognaths | Sagitta sp1 | 0.211 | 61.554 | 20 |
Sagitta sp2 | 0.132 | 38.446 | 16 | ||
Phylum | Groups | Other zooplankton | Total Relative abundance | Group-specific abundance | Focc (%) |
Athropoda | Copepods | Cyclopoid spp. | 0.035 | 0.047 | 20 |
Calanoid spp1 | 11.534 | 15.800 | 100 | ||
Calanoid spp2 | 1.481 | 2.029 | 84 | ||
Copepod Nauplii | 45.423 | 62.227 | 100 | ||
Cirripeds | Cirriped Nauplii | 0.284 | 99.537 | 80 |
H test | Mean Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | X2 (df = 2) | p-Values | Freshwater | Mixed Water | Seawater |
Abundance (ind L−1) | 10.34 *** | 5.7 × 10−3 | 12.52 a | 30.92 a | 36.88 b |
ANOVA | Mean value | ||||
F-Value (df = 2) | p-values | Freshwater | Mixed water | Seawater | |
Shannon index (H′) | 5.54 * | 1.1 × 10−2 | 2.49 a | 2.06 ab | 1.59 b |
Piélou index (J) | 2.67 n.s. | 9.2 × 10−2 | 0.58 a | 0.43 a | 0.57 a |
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Akodogbo, H.H.; Dossou-Sognon, F.U.; Ouinsou, F.T.; Avocegan, T.T.; Kouglo, J.P.; Okpeitcha, O.V.; Assogba, A.; Sohou, Z.; Morel, Y.; Chaigneau, A. Tidal Impacts on Zooplankton Dynamics in a Major Ocean-Lagoon Channel: Insights from a 25-Hour Intensive Survey in the Cotonou Channel, Benin. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12, 1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091519
Akodogbo HH, Dossou-Sognon FU, Ouinsou FT, Avocegan TT, Kouglo JP, Okpeitcha OV, Assogba A, Sohou Z, Morel Y, Chaigneau A. Tidal Impacts on Zooplankton Dynamics in a Major Ocean-Lagoon Channel: Insights from a 25-Hour Intensive Survey in the Cotonou Channel, Benin. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2024; 12(9):1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091519
Chicago/Turabian StyleAkodogbo, Hervé Hotèkpo, Fridolin Ubald Dossou-Sognon, François Talomonwo Ouinsou, Thalasse Tchémangnihodé Avocegan, Junior Patric Kouglo, Olaègbè Victor Okpeitcha, Arnaud Assogba, Zacharie Sohou, Yves Morel, and Alexis Chaigneau. 2024. "Tidal Impacts on Zooplankton Dynamics in a Major Ocean-Lagoon Channel: Insights from a 25-Hour Intensive Survey in the Cotonou Channel, Benin" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 9: 1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091519