Current Mental Health Clients’ Attitudes Regarding Religion and Spirituality in Treatment: A National Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Clients can’t check their worldviews, spirituality, or values at our door any more than we can choose to leave our hands and feet behind when we go to work. A religious identity and worldview are integral aspects of how religious clients think about, experience, respond to, and take action upon their world.
1.1. Client Attitudes toward RS in Mental Health Treatment
1.1.1. Client Characteristics That Influence Client Preference
1.1.2. Limitations of Previous Studies
1.2. Current Study
2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Reliability and Validity of RSIPAS-CAv2
3.2. Client Attitudes toward RS Integration
3.3. Client Characteristics That Predict Positive Attitudes toward Integrating RS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | M | SD |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 45.6 | 16.3 |
n | % | |
Gender | ||
Female | 471 | 47.6 |
Male | 516 | 52.2 |
Other | 2 | 0.2 |
Race/Ethnicity | ||
African American/Black | 118 | 11.9 |
American Indian/Alaskan Native | 18 | 1.8 |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 22 | 2.2 |
Hispanic/Latinx | 63 | 6.4 |
White | 760 | 76.8 |
Other | 8 | 0.8 |
Religious preference | ||
Protestant | 319 | 32.3 |
Catholic | 207 | 20.9 |
Jewish | 51 | 5.2 |
Buddhist | 15 | 1.5 |
Hindu | 6 | 0.6 |
Other Eastern Religion | 2 | 0.2 |
Muslim | 19 | 1.9 |
Orthodox–Christian | 86 | 8.7 |
Native American | 17 | 1.7 |
Inter-Nondenominational | 53 | 5.4 |
Don’t Know/Other | 50 | 5.1 |
Other | 58 | 5.9 |
None | 106 | 10.7 |
Were your RS beliefs brought up in therapy? | ||
Yes, brought up by client | 415 | 42.0 |
Yes, brought up by therapist | 256 | 25.9 |
No, but wish they had been discussed | 94 | 9.5 |
No, glad they were not discussed | 224 | 22.6 |
To what extent do you consider yourself a religious person? | ||
Moderately/very religious | 550 | 55.6 |
To what extent do you consider yourself a spiritual person? | ||
Moderately/very spiritual | 696 | 70.4 |
Do you believe in God or a Higher Power?: Yes | 821 | 83.0 |
Model | Items | df | χ2 | p | χ²/df | RMSEA [90% CI] | CFI | TLI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline CFA | 9 | 27 | 485.89 | 0.00 | 18.00 | 0.131 [0.121, 0.141] | 0.974 | 0.965 |
Final CFA | 9 | 24 | 249.33 | 0.00 | 10.39 | 0.097 [0.087, 0.109] | 0.987 | 0.981 |
RSIPAS-CAv2 Items | Strongly Disagree/ Disagree n (%) | Neutral n (%) | Strongly Agree/ Agree n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1. It is important for my therapist to know how to discuss my religion/spirituality in mental health therapy. | 204 (20.6) | 202 (20.4) | 583 (58.9) |
2. My therapist should ask about my religion/spirituality, rather than wait for me to bring it up. | 317 (32.1) | 242 (24.5) | 430 (43.5) |
3. I would prefer to bring up my religion/spirituality, rather than wait for my therapist to ask about it. | 205 (20.7) | 282 (28.5) | 502 (50.8) |
4. Discussing my religious/spiritual beliefs in therapy helps improve my mental health. | 145 (24.8) | 238 (24.1) | 506 (51.2) |
5. When my therapist takes time to understand my religious/spiritual beliefs, they show greater concern for my well-being rather than not taking the time to understand my religious/spiritual beliefs. | 172 (17.4) | 247 (25.0) | 570 (57.6) |
6. I am open to working with a therapist who has a different belief system than I do. a | 119 (12.0) | 197 (19.9) | 673 (68.0) |
7. A good therapist is sensitive to clients’ religious/spiritual beliefs. | 72 (7.3) | 169 (17.1) | 748 (75.6) |
8. I am open to being referred to religious or pastoral counseling if my therapist thinks it would be helpful. | 263 (26.6) | 175 (17.7) | 551 (55.7) |
9. I would be open to discussing my religious/spiritual beliefs in therapy. | 119 (12.0) | 168 (17.0) | 702 (71.0) |
10. My religious/spiritual beliefs are important to me during difficult times. | 181 (18.3) | 156 (15.8) | 652 (65.9) |
Variable | r | |||
Age (Continuous) | −0.140 *** | |||
Race (White or Non-White) | −0.118 *** | |||
Gender (Female or Non-Female) | −0.137 *** | |||
Organizing Religious Activity (At least a few times a month or Never/Rarely) | 0.477 *** | |||
Non-Organized Religious Activity (At least once a week or Never/Rarely) | 0.495 *** | |||
Intrinsic Religiosity Score (Continuous) | 0.698 *** | |||
Belief in God/Higher Power (Yes/Unsure or No) | 0.391 *** | |||
Frequency of Seeing Provider (At least a few times a month or Never/Rarely) | 0.092 ** | |||
Faith Tradition (Abrahamic or Non-Abrahamic/None) | 0.288 *** | |||
Have Discussed RS with Current Provider (Yes or No) | 0.471 *** | |||
Predictors | B | SE | β | t-Value |
Intrinsic Religiosity Score | 1.02 | 0.06 | 0.50 | 16.78 *** |
Have Discussed RS with Current Provider | 3.79 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 10.00 *** |
Age | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.10 | −4.51 *** |
Gender (Female) | −1.38 | 0.33 | −0.09 | −4.22 *** |
Organizing Religious Activity | 1.26 | 0.40 | 0.08 | 3.18 ** |
Non-Organized Religious Activity | 1.17 | 0.41 | 0.08 | 2.84 ** |
Frequency of Seeing Provider | 0.82 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 2.35 * |
Belief in God/Higher Power | 1.54 | 0.70 | 0.05 | 2.21 * |
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Oxhandler, H.K.; Pargament, K.I.; Pearce, M.J.; Vieten, C.; Moffatt, K.M. Current Mental Health Clients’ Attitudes Regarding Religion and Spirituality in Treatment: A National Survey. Religions 2021, 12, 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060371
Oxhandler HK, Pargament KI, Pearce MJ, Vieten C, Moffatt KM. Current Mental Health Clients’ Attitudes Regarding Religion and Spirituality in Treatment: A National Survey. Religions. 2021; 12(6):371. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060371
Chicago/Turabian StyleOxhandler, Holly K., Kenneth I. Pargament, Michelle J. Pearce, Cassandra Vieten, and Kelsey M. Moffatt. 2021. "Current Mental Health Clients’ Attitudes Regarding Religion and Spirituality in Treatment: A National Survey" Religions 12, no. 6: 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060371