Religion, Age, and Sexuality: An Empirical Approach to the Regulation of Female Sexuality through Dress among Indonesian Muslims
Abstract
:1. Introduction
“Islamic rules recommend women to wear the hijab to cover their aurat. By wearing hijab, women can maintain nature and chastity and protect themselves from insolent males’ gazes. By wearing the hijab, we can avoid inducing fantasies in men’s minds.I think hijab can be fashionable, but we, as Muslim women, also need to be careful when we choose styles. We need to choose clothes that are loose, not tight, and thick when we wear the hijab. I also like to wear jeans, but they should not present body curves.”
- (1)
- Do religious factors positively influence regulating the expression of sexuality through hijab practice in Indonesia?
- (2)
- How is the expression of sexuality regulated?
- (3)
- Are there any differences in the influence of religious factors among different age groups (between adolescents and adults)?
2. Religion, Subjective Norms, and Sexual Behavior in Islamic Contexts
And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what must ordinarily appear thereof; that they should draw their veils over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands’ fathers, their sons, their husbands’ sons, their brothers, or their brothers’ sons or their sisters’ sons, or their women or the servants whom their right hands possess, or male servants free of physical needs, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex, and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. And O you Believers, turn you all together towards Allah, that you may attain Bliss.(Qur’an 24:31, as cited in Ali 1983).
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Field Work as Preliminary Research
3.2. Instrument Development
3.3. Sampling and Data Collection
3.4. Data Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Reliability and Validity
4.2. Hypothesis Testing
4.3. Post-Hoc Analysis: Group Analysis
5. Concluding Remarks
5.1. Discussions and Implications
5.2. Limitation and Future Studies
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Hijabers Community was founded by Muslim designers in Jakarta in 2020. The community has 12 branches in Indonesia and pursues a globalized community by presenting themselves as fashionable Muslims mostly using social media accounts. The Hijabers Community incorporates religious events such as Qur’an recitation and discussion; however, they mostly focus on sharing fashion issues regarding hijab (Baulch and Pramiyanti 2018; Beta 2014). |
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Variable | Count | % |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
14–19 | 46 | 30.47% |
20–29 | 80 | 52.98% |
30–39 | 15 | 9.93% |
>40 | 10 | 6.62% |
Educational level | ||
Some high school, no diploma | 10 | 6.62% |
High school graduate | 71 | 47.02% |
Bachelor’s degree | 52 | 34.44% |
Master’s degree | 13 | 8.61% |
Doctorate degree | 5 | 3.31% |
Engagement with religious organizations | ||
Engaged | 96 | 63.58% |
Not engaged | 55 | 36.42% |
Total | 151 | 100% |
Construct Measures | Mean | SD | SOL |
---|---|---|---|
Religiosity(CR = 0.849, AVE = 0.655) (Strongly disagree = 1, Strongly agree = 7) | |||
Religious values are very important in my daily activities. | 6.662 | 0.837 | 0.713 |
It is important for me to take part in religious services. | 6.854 | 0.389 | 0.715 |
It is important for me to follow Islamic rules when I wear (choose) hijab. | 6.523 | 0.883 | 0.909 |
Involvement with religious community (CR = 0.929, AVE = 0.766) | |||
It is important for me to be connected to a religious community. | 6.225 | 1.075 | 0.858 |
Religious communities make me aware of the right way of wearing hijab. | 6.272 | 1.133 | 0.937 |
Religious communities encourage me to wear the hijab in a modest way. | 6.331 | 1.090 | 0.933 |
It is important for me to follow the rules of a religious community when I wear (choose) hijab. | 5.649 | 1.515 | 0.761 |
Subjective norms (SNs) (CR = 0.910, AVE = 0.836) | |||
Most people who are important to me choose to wear the hijab following the Islamic rule. | 6.238 | 1.047 | 0.910 |
I would feel guilty if I wore the hijab in such a way as not to follow the Islamic rule. | 6.377 | 0.975 | 0.918 |
Regulation of sexuality (CR = 0.736, AVE = 0.584) | |||
I tend to not upload on social media accounts my photos/videos when I wear the hijab with clothes that reveal my body curve. | 6.338 | 1.139 | 0.806 |
When I choose hijab fashion style, I consider that if I wear the product it does not reveal my body curve. | 6.351 | 1.180 | 0.842 |
Constructs | R2 | f2 | Effect Size Rating |
---|---|---|---|
Religiosity | - | 0.151 | Medium effect |
Involvement with religious communities | - | 0.093 | Small effect |
Subjective norms (SNs) | 0.402 | 0.128 | Medium effect |
Regulation of sexuality | 0.114 | - | - |
Paths | Standardized Coefficient | t-Statistic | Hypothesis Accepted? |
---|---|---|---|
H1. Religiosity -> Subjective norms | 0.391 *** | 3.562 | Yes |
H2. Involvement with religious communities -> Subjective norms | 0.307 *** | 3.535 | Yes |
H3. Subjective norms -> Regulation of sexuality | 0.337 *** | 3.973 | Yes |
Paths | Standardized Coefficient | t-Statistic | Hypothesis Accepted? |
---|---|---|---|
H1. Religiosity -> Subjective norms | 0.701 *** | 5.641 | Yes |
H2. Involvement with religious communities -> Subjective norms | 0.002 | 0.017 | No |
H3. Subjective norms -> Regulation of sexuality | 0.379 * | 2.274 | Yes |
Constructs | R2 | f2 | Effect Size Rating |
---|---|---|---|
Religiosity | - | 0.503 | Very large effect |
Involvement with religious communities | - | 0.000 | no effect |
Subjective norms (SNs) | 0.493 | 0.168 | Medium effect |
Regulation of sexuality | 0.144 | - | - |
Paths | Standardized Coefficient | t-Statistic | Hypothesis Accepted? |
---|---|---|---|
H1. Religiosity -> Subjective norms | 0.259 | 1.659 | No |
H2. Involvement with religious communities -> Subjective norms | 0.426 *** | 3.506 | Yes |
H3. Subjective norms -> Regulation of sexuality | 0.373 *** | 3.512 | Yes |
Constructs | R2 | f2 | Effect Size Rating |
---|---|---|---|
Religiosity | - | 0.088 | Very small effect |
Involvement with religious communities | - | 0.184 | Medium effect |
Subjective norms (SNs) | 0.431 | 0.161 | Medium effect |
Regulation of sexuality | 0.139 | - | - |
Paths | Standardized Coefficient | t-Statistic | Hypothesis Accepted? |
---|---|---|---|
H1. Religiosity -> Subjective norms | 0.224 | 0.891 | No |
H2. Involvement with religious communities -> Subjective norms | 0.507 * | 2.237 | Yes |
H3. Subjective norms -> Regulation of sexuality | 0.436 * | 2.017 | Yes |
Constructs | R2 | f2 | Effect Size Rating |
---|---|---|---|
Religiosity | - | 0.051 | Very small effect |
Involvement with religious communities | - | 0.260 | Medium effect |
Subjective norms (SNs) | 0.461 | 0.234 | Medium effect |
Regulation of sexuality | 0.190 | - | - |
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Shin, J. Religion, Age, and Sexuality: An Empirical Approach to the Regulation of Female Sexuality through Dress among Indonesian Muslims. Religions 2024, 15, 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15081017
Shin J. Religion, Age, and Sexuality: An Empirical Approach to the Regulation of Female Sexuality through Dress among Indonesian Muslims. Religions. 2024; 15(8):1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15081017
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Jiwon. 2024. "Religion, Age, and Sexuality: An Empirical Approach to the Regulation of Female Sexuality through Dress among Indonesian Muslims" Religions 15, no. 8: 1017. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15081017