Women in the Australian Baptist Denomination in Peace and War, 1920–1945
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Who Were Australian Baptists?
Baptist women, numbering two-thirds of our congregations, are ready to stand shoulder to shoulder and to help in every possible way the coming of the Kingdom of our Lord.
3. Baptist Women’s Work Prior to 1920
4. Women and Foreign Mission
5. Women in Baptist Congregations
The highest office to which a member of the church can be called is that of deacon or deaconess. To this office, Mrs. Watson was called many years ago and has consistently carried out its duties.
6. Women in Ministerial Leadership
Should any of our people know of a scheme that will mean a larger and greater influence in the women’s share of the Home Mission work, we shall be only too happy to learn of it or accept any suggestions for the more effective working of Home Mission interests in our churches.
7. Women’s Activities in the Broader Australian Baptist Denomination
If we want to make the Bible our own, we must make a real study of it, we must get our roots deep in, and, as the pages unfold to us, new life will spring to the glory of His name.
The secret of growing strong characters in our homes will be that other presence, unseen, but wonderfully read, for is He not the counsellor, the Mighty God, the Everlasting Father, the Prince of Peace?
Great necessity for increased interest, and more direct effort on behalf of the women of India in a social, as well as a religious, point of view, which work could only be effected by woman herself. The deep need for the establishment of such a society was felt by all present.22
To inspire and encourage women’s work in the churches of the denomination, and, by co-ordinating existing work, to bind together Baptist women in a fellowship of prayer and service for the Kingdom of God in Australia and throughout the world.
It is our privilege at home to provide the means for the carrying on [of the] difficult task [of foreign mission], and to pray more earnestly than ever before that whatever else falters, the Christian Missionary Work will go on.27
8. A Time of Peace (1920 to 1939) and a Time of War (1939 to 1945)
Sister Margaret Sinclair told us about her work as a deaconess and made us realize how much we womenfolk are needed to attend to the pastoral work of the churches as so many of the menfolk are called up for military service.
The deluge of war that threatens to destroy the world today has not been sent by God. It is the outcome of the same lack of mental energy, sincerity, and co-operation that turned the flood into a disaster and tragedy… all involved in it together.
9. Work Outside the Baptist Denomination
10. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
1 | The Australian Baptist denomination is not a single organisation. However, for the purposes of this article, the word ‘denomination’ is used as a broad description of Australian Baptist congregations and colonial/state unions. |
2 | Women made up fifty-three per cent of the foundation members of over fifty Australian Baptist congregations. This proportion increases to sixty-eight per cent for Baptist congregations established between 1920 and 1945. For details, see (Hilton 2024a). |
3 | See, for examples: (Petersham Baptist 1922; Benskin 1925b), Worldwide the Baptist denomination also has more women than men (Bebbington 2018). |
4 | As O’Brien notes, calculating the exact number of missionary women is difficult given inaccurate record keeping. |
5 | From 1882 to 1945 there were one hundred ABFM missionary women and thirty-five men. |
6 | In the Australian Baptist context, see, for example (Harris 1938). |
7 | |
8 | There is a significant body of work examining mission. See for example (Robert 2009). Her work examines themes of both women and imperialism within the foreign mission endeavour. |
9 | There were at least fifty congregations with deaconess committees. See (Hilton 2024a) |
10 | |
11 | See, for examples obituaries of (Called home: Mrs. Alice Garrett 1944; South Australia: The late Mrs. Samuel Kennett 1926; The late Mrs. E. Whittle 1956). |
12 | See, for example, two earlier advertisement for the Deaconess at the Brisbane City Tabernacle and the NSW Order, for which the salary was about one-third of a (male) minister’s salary: (New South Wales Union: Deaconess’ Association 1917; Deaconess wanted 1917). See also summary of the discussion by Baptist women around Australia regarding deaconesses, where the stated salary was about half of a minister’s salary: (Baptist Sisterhood 1937). |
13 | See, for examples, (Churchill Baptist Women 1936; New South Wales: Waverley 1939). |
14 | (Baptist Sisterhood 1937). For a discussion on other Deaconesses Orders see, (Hilton 2024b). |
15 | As noted above Deaconess Orders in other Australian denominations were managed by men. See, (Hilton 2024b). |
16 | The author has examined a significant number of women’s archival material and has found no direct evidence of discussions regarding ordination or women who might be seeking ordination. |
17 | Janet West suggests that women left the Baptist denomination because of the conservative view of women (West 1997). However, there is no evidence this was the case except perhaps for Margaret Vernon in Victoria, who became a minister in the Pentecostal Assembly of God Church in Richmond (Hilton 2024a). |
18 | (South Australia: Sandringham 1928). Dr Alice Barber “was the speaker” at Sandringham, South Australia, whereas Basil Rogers and Alfred Holland were “preachers” at East Ringwood, Victoria. Alice Barber had completed study at the Baptist College of Victoria, along with a medical degree, while the men were still completing their study at this date. |
19 | In South Australia John Walker noted there were few unpublished sermons by both men and women, see, (Walker 2006). |
20 | See, for example, (Mother’s day observance: Devonport 1944). |
21 | See, for example, (Davey 1945). |
22 | (Ladies’ Zenana Missionary Society 1884–1895), NSW Grace Taylor underlined the word woman in the original minutes. |
23 | Australian Baptist Foreign Mission, Board Minutes. |
24 | Examples of SGMU members volunteering for service, are Florence English, whose ABFM work was sponsored by Hurlstone Park Baptist in Sydney, and Mabel Burgess, who became a missionary in the Solomon Islands with the South Sea Evangelical Mission. See (Sturgess 1940; Night of rejoicing: Women’s missionary triumph 1930; Church news: Hurlstone Park 1944). |
25 | C. D., (Letter to the editor of ‘For our women’ 1932). While Celia Downing is not identified as the author of this letter, she was currently writing to each of the state Baptist women’s organisations on this issue, and it is probable that she wrote to The Australian Baptist. |
26 | (Cousin 1943). The three published obituaries for Lily Higlett which were published in The Australian Baptist show a high degree of respect and love for her. |
27 | Higlett, Notes for Meetings of the N.S.W. Women’s Missionary Society. Lily Higlett had underlined these words. |
28 | See, for examples, (Baptist Union of Victoria 1892; Baptist Union of New South Wales 1878–1888) |
29 | This figure was obtained using minutes from the ABFM Board meetings. See (Australian Baptist Foreign Mission 1922–1932; Australian Baptist Foreign Mission 1925–1934). |
30 | See, for example, Ellen Shepard’s summary of her interview with prospective missionary women, in Australian Baptist Foreign Mission, Executive Minutes: Volume II, December 1924. |
31 | In May 1935 Baptist women in Victoria passed a resolution at their meeting indicating that “peace should prevail.” Similar sentiments were made by women in other states at this time. See, (Women and World Peace 1935; Baptist Women 1935; Women’s Stand for Peace 1936). |
32 | For example, two of Annie Yorkston’s three sons were killed in March 1945. See, (New South Wales: Annie Estill Yorkston 1945). |
33 | There are many instances where this occurred. For example, see, (Grange Baptist Ladies’ Guild 1942). |
34 | Such women included Hazel Brainwood, Treasurer of Dee Why Baptist, NSW, and Grace Fildes, Treasurer of Katanning Baptist, WA. Other women are noted in state Baptist union handbooks. For examples, see, (Baptist Union of New South Wales 1951; Hilton 2024a). |
35 | Halley Nicholls resigned and married the Rev. Charles Nicholls in 1945. See, (The Baptist Union of Queensland 1940). |
36 | The author has examined records of organisations such as the Australian Red Cross, the and the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom in Australia and has identified less than five Baptist women who were involved in the organisations, as Baptist women were more likely to be members of non-denominational organisations, such as the National Council of Women, the Young Women’s Christian Association, and the Australian Student Christian Movement, there are few Baptist women who were actively involved. |
37 | There are many instances in which this occurred. See, for examples, (South Australia: Goodwood 1927; Baptist 1933). |
38 | For example, see, (Jill 1942). |
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Hilton, R. Women in the Australian Baptist Denomination in Peace and War, 1920–1945. Religions 2024, 15, 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091037
Hilton R. Women in the Australian Baptist Denomination in Peace and War, 1920–1945. Religions. 2024; 15(9):1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091037
Chicago/Turabian StyleHilton, Rebecca. 2024. "Women in the Australian Baptist Denomination in Peace and War, 1920–1945" Religions 15, no. 9: 1037. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091037