The Religious and Spiritual Beliefs and Practices among Practitioners across Five Helping Professions
Abstract
:1. Religion/Spirituality in Health and Mental Health Treatment
“as practitioners experience, are engaged in, become aware of, and infuse their own RS beliefs and practices into their daily lives—deepening their [intrinsic religiosity] and becoming more attune to the sacred within—they tend to hold more positive views and engage in clients’ RS beliefs and practices as well. In other words, as helping professionals recognize the sacred within themselves, they appear to be more open to recognizing the sacred within their client”.
2. RS Beliefs and Practices across Helping Professions
3. Current Study
4. Methodology
5. Results
6. What Levels of Intrinsic Religiosity and Frequency of Religious Activity Exist across These Five Professions, and How Do They Compare?
7. To What Extent Do These Five professions Consider Themselves Religious or Spiritual, and How Do They Compare?
8. What Are the Religious Beliefs and Practices across These Five Professions, and How Do They Compare?
9. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LCSW | APN | LMFT | LPC | Psychologists | F | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
Age | 51.33 | 13.01 | 46.57 | 12.13 | 56.71 | 12.59 | 51.75 | 12.69 | 50.31 | 13.11 | 7.04 | ** |
Years in Clinical Practice | 17.31 | 10.63 | 15.13 | 11.42 | 19.26 | 11.06 | 14.87 | 11.00 | 19.59 | 11.42 | 3.59 | * |
Years in Practice Setting | 11.33 | 9.58 | 7.81 | 7.75 | 11.84 | 9.75 | 10.39 | 8.38 | 11.31 | 9.70 | 2.34 | 0.054 |
% | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | X2 | p | |
Sex | ||||||||||||
Female | 81.0 | (115) | 82.4 | (61) | 69.4 | (68) | 74.6 | (91) | 58.0 | (58) | 20.28 | ** |
Male | 19.0 | (27) | 17.6 | (13) | 30.6 | (30) | 25.4 | (31) | 42.0 | (42) | ||
Education | ||||||||||||
Master’s Degree | 94.4 | (134) | 89.2 | (66) | 72.4 | (71) | 89.3 | (109) | 0 | (0) | 313.74 | ** |
Doctoral Degree | 5.6 | (8) | 10.8 | (8) | 27.6 | (27) | 10.7 | (13) | 100.0 | (100) | ||
Have Taken R/S Course | 11.3 | (15) | 20.8 | (15) | 30.9 | (29) | 26.1 | (30) | 10.6 | (10) | 21.42 | ** |
Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
White | 78.2 | (111) | 70.3 | (52) | 83.7 | (82) | 81.1 | (99) | 78.0 | (78) | 5.08 | 0.28 |
Non-White | 21.8 | (31) | 29.7 | (22) | 16.3 | (16) | 18.9 | (23) | 22.0 | (22) | ||
Agency Affiliation | ||||||||||||
Secular – Public | 42.4 | (56) | 46.4 | (32) | 13.5 | (12) | 22.7 | (25) | 38.5 | (35) | 38.36 | ** |
Secular – Private | 46.2 | (61) | 42.0 | (29) | 74.2 | (66) | 61.8 | (68) | 57.1 | (52) | ||
Religiously Affiliated | 11.4 | (15) | 11.6 | (8) | 12.4 | (11) | 15.5 | (17) | 4.4 | (4) |
LCSW | APN | LMFT | LPC | Psychologists | X2 | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | |||
DUREL Religious Activity Items | ||||||||||||
How often do you attend religious services? | 17.63 | * | ||||||||||
Several times a month or more | 44.1 | (60) | 59.7 | (43) | 70.2 | (66) | 61.1 | (69) | 53.2 | (50) | ||
Rarely or never | 55.9 | (76) | 40.3 | (29) | 29.8 | (28) | 38.9 | (44) | 46.8 | (44) | ||
How often do you spend time in private religious activities, such as prayer, meditation, or Bible Study (or other religious text)? | 27.34 | ** | ||||||||||
Once a week or more | 64.2 | (86) | 64.8 | (46) | 83.9 | (78) | 81.6 | (93) | 56.4 | (53) | ||
Less than once a week | 35.8 | (48) | 35.2 | (25) | 16.1 | (15) | 18.4 | (21) | 43.6 | (41) | ||
DUREL Intrinsic Religiosity Items | ||||||||||||
In my life, I experience the presence of the Divine (i.e., God). | 24.43 | 0.22 | ||||||||||
Definitely/Tends to be true | 78.6 | (105) | 83.4 | (50) | 87.3 | (83) | 89.5 | (102) | 74.4 | (70) | ||
My religious beliefs are what really lie behind my whole approach to life. | 60.14 | ** | ||||||||||
Definitely/Tends to be true | 68.2 | (92) | 70.8 | (51) | 86.3 | (82) | 79.7 | (90) | 68.1 | (64) | ||
I try hard to carry my religion over into all other dealings in life. | 28.88 | 0.09 | ||||||||||
Definitely/Tends to be true | 54.4 | (74) | 72.2 | (52) | 74.8 | (71) | 70.8 | (80) | 58.5 | (55) | ||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | p | |
DUREL Intrinsic Religiosity Scale (Range: 3–15) | 11.15 | 3.58 | 12.32 | 3.17 | 12.77 | 3.25 | 11.97 | 3.22 | 11.28 | 3.55 | 3.26 | * |
LCSW | APN | LMFT | LPC | Psychologists | X2 | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | |||
To what extent do you consider yourself a religious person? | 8.87 | 0.065 | ||||||||||
Not/slightly religious | 49.3 | (67) | 40.3 | (29) | 31.6 | (30) | 36.3 | (41) | 44.6 | (41) | ||
Moderately/very religious | 50.7 | (69) | 59.7 | (43) | 68.4 | (65) | 63.7 | (72) | 55.4 | (51) | ||
To what extent do you consider yourself a spiritual person? | 11.33 | * | ||||||||||
Not/slightly spiritual | 14.8 | (20) | 16.7 | (12) | 4.2 | (4) | 7.0 | (8) | 14.0 | (13) | ||
Moderately/very spiritual | 85.2 | (115) | 83.3 | (60) | 95.8 | (91) | 93.0 | (106) | 86.0 | (80) | ||
r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p | |||
Correlation of religiosity and spirituality | 0.499 | ** | 0.500 | ** | 0.437 | ** | 0.412 | ** | 0.418 | ** |
LCSW | APN | LMFT | LPC | Psychologists | X2 | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | % | (n) | |||
Religious affiliation | 16.38 | * | ||||||||||
Christian | 62.4 | (83) | 80.3 | (57) | 69.9 | (65) | 81.3 | (91) | 65.6 | (61) | ||
Non-Christian | 25.6 | (34) | 15.5 | (11) | 23.7 | (22) | 12.5 | (14) | 24.7 | (23) | ||
None | 12.0 | (16) | 4.2 | (3) | 6.5 | (6) | 6.3 | (7) | 9.7 | (9) | ||
Which of the following do you most frequently practice for religious/spiritual reasons? | ||||||||||||
Attend religious services | 45.2 | (61) | 54.2 | (39) | 68.4 | (65) | 59.1 | (68) | 49.5 | (46) | 14.10 | ** |
Attend small social gatherings | 29.6 | (40) | 37.5 | (27) | 45.3 | (43) | 40.0 | (46) | 30.1 | (28) | 8.18 | 0.09 |
Listening to religious/spiritual music | 33.3 | (45) | 47.2 | (34) | 51.6 | (49) | 46.1 | (53) | 20.4 | (19) | 26.03 | *** |
Prayer | 62.2 | (84) | 79.2 | (57) | 84.2 | (80) | 80.9 | (93) | 66.7 | (62) | 21.14 | *** |
Meditation | 47.4 | (64) | 27.8 | (20) | 63.2 | (60) | 57.4 | (66) | 45.2 | (42) | 24.48 | *** |
Reading religious texts | 37.0 | (50) | 43.1 | (31) | 62.1 | (59) | 60.0 | (69) | 35.5 | (33) | 27.15 | *** |
Watching religious/spiritual television | 19.3 | (26) | 19.4 | (14) | 26.3 | (25) | 17.4 | (20) | 11.8 | (11) | 6.66 | 0.16 |
Worship outside of religious service | 12.6 | (17) | 15.3 | (11) | 23.2 | (22) | 24.3 | (28) | 14.0 | (13) | 8.96 | 0.06 |
Yoga or some other physical practice | 32.6 | (44) | 15.3 | (11) | 32.6 | (31) | 25.2 | (29) | 19.4 | (18) | 11.67 | * |
None | 7.4 | (10) | 11.1 | (8) | 2.1 | (2) | 5.2 | (6) | 15.1 | (14) | 13.21 | ** |
Other | 11.9 | (16) | 8.3 | (6) | 6.3 | (6) | 6.1 | (7) | 9.7 | (9) | 3.58 | 0.47 |
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Oxhandler, H.K.; Polson, E.C.; Moffatt, K.M.; Achenbaum, W.A. The Religious and Spiritual Beliefs and Practices among Practitioners across Five Helping Professions. Religions 2017, 8, 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110237
Oxhandler HK, Polson EC, Moffatt KM, Achenbaum WA. The Religious and Spiritual Beliefs and Practices among Practitioners across Five Helping Professions. Religions. 2017; 8(11):237. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110237
Chicago/Turabian StyleOxhandler, Holly K., Edward C. Polson, Kelsey M. Moffatt, and W. Andrew Achenbaum. 2017. "The Religious and Spiritual Beliefs and Practices among Practitioners across Five Helping Professions" Religions 8, no. 11: 237. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110237