Tissue-Engineered Nanomaterials Play Diverse Roles in Bone Injury Repair
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Macro- and Nano-Hierarchical Architecture of Natural Bone
2.1. Macroscopic Architecture
2.1.1. Cortical Bone
2.1.2. Trabecular Bone
2.2. Nano Architecture
2.2.1. Bone Biomineral Matrix
2.2.2. Bone Cells
3. Required Clinical Features of Nanoscaled Materials
4. Nanomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering
4.1. Inorganic Nanomaterials
4.1.1. Metallic Nanoparticles
4.1.2. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
4.1.3. Silica Nanoparticles
4.1.4. Nano-HAp and Other Bone Mineral Substitutes
4.1.5. Black Phosphorus
4.1.6. Magnetic Nanoparticles
4.1.7. Nanoclays
4.2. Organic Nanomaterials
4.2.1. Polymeric Nanoparticles
4.2.2. Polymeric Nanofibres
4.2.3. DNA Nanomaterials
4.2.4. Liposomes and Exosomes
5. Summary and Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Structure | Nanoclay Types | |
---|---|---|
Layered | T:O | Kaolinite, Halloysite, rectorite |
T:O:T | Pyrophyillite, Illite, Vermiculite, Chlorite, Smectite, Montmorillonite | |
Fibrous | Attapulgite |
Nanomaterials | |||
---|---|---|---|
Inorganic | Unique Characteristics | Typical Application | |
Metallic NPs (Au, Ag) | 1. Biocompatibility 2. Antimicrobial 3. Controllable shape and size 4. Conductivity 5. Easy to functionalise | 1. Metallic NP-based composite 2. Biological imaging 3. Diagnostic nanoprobes 4. Treating infections 5. Drug delivery | |
Carbon-based Nanomaterials (Graphene, CNTs) | 1. Excellent conductivity 2. Reinforce mechanical performance 3. Hydrophilia 4. Large specific surface area 5. Chemical stability 6. Thermal and wear resistance | 1. Conductive composite 2. Imaging 3. Drug delivery 4. High mechanical properties implant | |
Silica NPs | 1. Controlled mesoporous structure 2. Conjugate with wide variety of compounds 3. Large specific surface area 4. Promotes osteogenic differentiation | 1. Drug delivery systems 2. Biological imaging 3. Composite scaffold | |
Nano-HAp | 1. Natural bone tissue components 2. Outstanding osteogenic features 3. Easy chemical grafting 4. Protein adsorption 5. Improve the mechanical properties | 1. Bone biomimetic scaffold 2. Surface modification of the bone implant 3. Loaded with biological factors 4. Artificial bone materials | |
Black Phosphorus (BP) | 1. Conductivity and piezoelectricity 2. Degraded into nontoxic phosphates 3. Be composed of phosphorus, an inorganic component of bone 4. Near-infrared optical properties 5. Reinforce mechanical performance | 1. Conductivity scaffolds 2. NIR light-triggered drug release system 3. Photothermal therapy | |
Magnetic NPs (Fe2O3, Fe3O4) | 1. Superparamagnetic property 2. Magnetothermal 3. Magnetic imaging 4. Regulating osteogenic activity by the inherent magnetic field | 1. Magnetic bone-repair scaffold 2. Magnetic nanoimaging technology 3. Magnetothermal therapy | |
Nanoclays (MMT, HNTs) | 1. Enforce mechanical performance 2. Charge heterogeneity 3. Promote osteogenesis releasing Mg2+ and Ca2+ 4. Easy chemical grafting 5. Protein adsorption | 1. Drug delivery 2. As Hard polymeric scaffold reinforcers 3. As hydrogel reinforcers | |
Organic | |||
Polymeric NPs | 1. Nontoxic degradation products 2. Functional modification 3. Biocompatible | 1. Drug delivery 2. Fluorescence imaging | |
Nanofibres | 1. Biomimetic structure of the ECM 2. Good tensile mechanical properties 3. Pore interconnectivity 4. High physical adsorption capacity | 1. Be applied as bone-repair scaffolds 2. Drug delivery 3. Core-shell structure endow with specific biofunction 4. Nanofibre-reinforced bone composite scaffold | |
DNA Nanomaterials | 1. Be accurately designed, modified, and endowed with unique functions 2. Be composed of nucleobases | 1. Drug delivery 2. Targeted therapy 3. Biofunctional modification of bone-repair scaffold | |
Liposomes, Exosomes | 1. Lipid bilayer structure 2. Easy to functionalise 3. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that are secreted by cells and carry biomolecules | 1. Drug delivery 2. Targeted therapy 3. Biofunctional modification of bone-repair scaffold |
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Wan, T.; Zhang, M.; Jiang, H.-R.; Zhang, Y.-C.; Zhang, X.-M.; Wang, Y.-L.; Zhang, P.-X. Tissue-Engineered Nanomaterials Play Diverse Roles in Bone Injury Repair. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091449
Wan T, Zhang M, Jiang H-R, Zhang Y-C, Zhang X-M, Wang Y-L, Zhang P-X. Tissue-Engineered Nanomaterials Play Diverse Roles in Bone Injury Repair. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(9):1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091449
Chicago/Turabian StyleWan, Teng, Meng Zhang, Hao-Ran Jiang, Yi-Chong Zhang, Xiao-Meng Zhang, Yi-Lin Wang, and Pei-Xun Zhang. 2023. "Tissue-Engineered Nanomaterials Play Diverse Roles in Bone Injury Repair" Nanomaterials 13, no. 9: 1449. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13091449