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Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 21 (November-1 2025) – 22 articles

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13 pages, 11266 KB  
Article
Structural Optimization and Trap Effects on the Output Performance of 4H-SiC Betavoltaic Cell
by Kyeong Min Kim, In Man Kang, Jae Hwa Seo, Young Jun Yoon and Kibeom Kim
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1625; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211625 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025
Abstract
In this study, structural optimization and trap effect analysis of a 4H-SiC–based p–i–n betavoltaic (BV) cell were performed using Silvaco ATLAS TCAD (version 5.30.0.R) simulations combined with an electron-beam (e-beam) irradiation model. First, the optimum device structure was derived by varying the thickness [...] Read more.
In this study, structural optimization and trap effect analysis of a 4H-SiC–based p–i–n betavoltaic (BV) cell were performed using Silvaco ATLAS TCAD (version 5.30.0.R) simulations combined with an electron-beam (e-beam) irradiation model. First, the optimum device structure was derived by varying the thickness of the intrinsic layer (i-layer), the thickness of the p-layer, and the doping concentration of the i-layer. Under 17 keV e-beam irradiation, the electron–hole pairs generated in the i-layer were effectively separated and transported by the internal electric field, thereby contributing to the short-circuit current density (JSC), open-circuit voltage (VOC), and maximum output power density (Pout_max). Subsequently, to investigate the effects of traps, donor- and acceptor-like traps were introduced either individually or simultaneously, and their densities were varied to evaluate the changes in device performance. The simulation results revealed that traps degraded the performance through charge capture and recombination, with acceptor-like traps exhibiting the most pronounced impact. In particular, acceptor-like traps in the i-layer significantly reduced VOC from 2.47 V to 2.07 V and Pout_max from 3.08 μW/cm2 to 2.28 μW/cm2, demonstrating that the i-layer is the most sensitive region to performance degradation. These findings indicate that effective control of trap states within the i-layer is a critical factor for realizing high-efficiency and high-reliability SiC-based betavoltaic cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
21 pages, 6725 KB  
Article
Microstructure-Dependent Creep Mechanisms in Heat-Treated CZ1 Zr Alloy at 380 °C
by Haoyu Shi, Jianqiang Wang, Meiqing Chen, Pengliang Liu, Zhixuan Xia, Chenyang Lu, Rui Gao, Weiyang Li, Yujie Zhang, Zhengxiong Su and Jing Hu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211624 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study investigates the stress-dependent creep behavior of a CZ1 Zr alloy exhibiting two distinct microstructural states induced by different annealing treatments. Creep tests were conducted at 380 °C under applied stresses of 140 MPa and 260 MPa. CZ1-2 (fully recrystallized), characterized by [...] Read more.
This study investigates the stress-dependent creep behavior of a CZ1 Zr alloy exhibiting two distinct microstructural states induced by different annealing treatments. Creep tests were conducted at 380 °C under applied stresses of 140 MPa and 260 MPa. CZ1-2 (fully recrystallized), characterized by coarse grains and low dislocation density, demonstrated superior creep resistance under low stress due to suppressed dislocation activity and diffusion-dominated deformation. Stress exponent analysis revealed n = 5 for CZ1-1 (partially recrystallized) and n = 10 for CZ1-2, confirming a mechanism transition from steady-state dislocation climb to power-law breakdown. TEM characterization provided direct evidence of evolving dislocation networks, stacking faults, and second-phase particle redistribution. These findings underscore the critical role of microstructural conditioning in governing creep pathways and provide a mechanistic basis for tailoring Zr alloys to stress-specific service environments in advanced nuclear applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Multiscale Characterization, Mechanical Behavior and Computational Simulation of Bulk Materials, Metallic Powders and/or Nanoparticles)
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22 pages, 5907 KB  
Article
Fe–Ce Bimetallic MOFs for Water Environment Remediation: Efficient Removal of Fluoride and Phosphate
by Jinyun Zhao, Yuhuan Su, Jiangyan Song, Ruilai Liu, Fangfang Wu, Jing Xu, Tao Xu, Jilin Mu, Hao Lin and Jiapeng Hu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211623 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025
Abstract
Fe–Ce-MOFs with a rice-grain-like morphology were successfully obtained via hydrothermal synthesis, where ferric chloride (FeCl3) and cerium nitrate [Ce(NO3)3] served as the metal precursors and terephthalic acid (PTA) acted as the organic coordinating ligand. The effects of [...] Read more.
Fe–Ce-MOFs with a rice-grain-like morphology were successfully obtained via hydrothermal synthesis, where ferric chloride (FeCl3) and cerium nitrate [Ce(NO3)3] served as the metal precursors and terephthalic acid (PTA) acted as the organic coordinating ligand. The effects of the Fe:Ce molar ratio, (Fe/Ce):PTA ratio, reaction duration, and synthesis temperature on adsorption performance of the Fe–Ce-MOFs were systematically studied. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on the removal of fluoride and phosphate ions from aqueous solution. Under optimized conditions, the maximum adsorption capacities of Fe–Ce-MOFs for fluoride and phosphate reached 183.82 mg g−1 and 110.74 mg g−1, respectively. Adsorption data correlated strongly with the Langmuir isotherm, were best represented by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and were identified as a spontaneous and endothermic reaction. After three regeneration cycles, the adsorbent still maintained high removal efficiencies for fluoride (85.17%) and phosphate (47.34%) removal. In practical wastewater treatment, removal efficiencies of 92.04% for fluoride and 93.87% for phosphate were achieved. Mechanistic studies revealed that fluoride removal was dominated by electrostatic attraction and hydroxyl–fluoride ion exchange, whereas phosphate removal was attributed to the generation of inner-sphere complexes involving PO43− and Fe/Ce active sites. This study not only elucidates the synergistic mechanism of fluoride and phosphate elimination by Fe–Ce-MOFs but also provides theoretical guidance and application prospects for the development of highly efficient and stable bimetallic MOF-based adsorbents for environmental remediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)
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14 pages, 1932 KB  
Article
Magnet-Free Nonreciprocal Edge Plasmons in Optically Pumped Bilayer Graphene
by Seongjin Ahn
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1622; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211622 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025
Abstract
Recent theoretical studies have shown that gapped Dirac materials (such as gapped monolayer graphene) optically pumped with circularly polarized light can host edge-localized plasmon modes with nonreciprocal dispersions driven by valley population imbalance. Here, we extend this framework to Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene. Using [...] Read more.
Recent theoretical studies have shown that gapped Dirac materials (such as gapped monolayer graphene) optically pumped with circularly polarized light can host edge-localized plasmon modes with nonreciprocal dispersions driven by valley population imbalance. Here, we extend this framework to Bernal-stacked bilayer graphene. Using the Wiener–Hopf method, we compute the exact edge plasmon dispersion, confinement length, and electric potential. Our results show that bilayer graphene exhibits stronger nonreciprocity in edge plasmons, requiring approximately one order of magnitude lower pump amplitude to achieve splitting compared with monolayer Dirac systems. Furthermore, the gate-tunable energy gap of bilayer graphene provides an additional degree of control, positioning optically pumped bilayer graphene as a versatile platform for magnet-free nonreciprocal plasmonics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
31 pages, 2643 KB  
Review
Advancing Arsenic Water Treatment Using UiO-66 and Its Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Analogs
by Sangwoo Ji and Tarek M. Abdel-Fattah
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1621; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211621 (registering DOI) - 24 Oct 2025
Abstract
Arsenic contamination in water remains a critical global health challenge, affecting millions and causing severe diseases including cancer, skin lesions, and cardiovascular disorders. Adsorption using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly zirconium-based UiO-66 and its derivatives, offers a promising and sustainable approach for arsenic remediation [...] Read more.
Arsenic contamination in water remains a critical global health challenge, affecting millions and causing severe diseases including cancer, skin lesions, and cardiovascular disorders. Adsorption using metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly zirconium-based UiO-66 and its derivatives, offers a promising and sustainable approach for arsenic remediation due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, and strong chemical stability. Functionalized UiO-66 variants (e.g., –NH2, –SO3H, –COOH, –SH), metal-doped, or composite forms such as Fe3O4@UiO-66 exhibit arsenic adsorption capacities between 20 and 150 mg g−1, depending on synthesis and surface chemistry. Optimal adsorption occurs within pH 4–8, while high salinity or competing anions reduce performance by 15–40%. UiO-66 materials demonstrate excellent regeneration efficiency (70–95%) after multiple cycles, with limited metal leaching (1–3%). Advances through ligand functionalization, modulator-assisted synthesis, and composite integration have significantly improved adsorption capacity, selectivity, and reusability. However, challenges persist in achieving green, water-based synthesis, maintaining long-term stability under realistic water chemistries, and enabling scalable production. Future work should focus on eco-friendly fabrication, defect engineering, and mechanistic optimization to fully harness UiO-66’s potential as a high-performance and sustainable adsorbent for arsenic-contaminated water treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Micro/Nanoscale Open Framework Materials (OFMs))
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14 pages, 8250 KB  
Article
Solvent Annealing Influence of PEDOT on Its Electrochemical and Electrochromic Properties
by Kaiwen Lin, Yuying Jiang, Qinran Chen, Wangdaiqi Kong, Ruiyu Luo, Qianhui Zhou and Hao Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1620; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211620 - 24 Oct 2025
Abstract
The study of effect of solvent annealing on the optoelectronic properties of polymers is not new research hotspot, but the influence of solvent annealing on the electrochemical and electrochromic properties of PEDOT remains unexplored. This paper investigates the effects of three different solvents—chlorobenzene [...] Read more.
The study of effect of solvent annealing on the optoelectronic properties of polymers is not new research hotspot, but the influence of solvent annealing on the electrochemical and electrochromic properties of PEDOT remains unexplored. This paper investigates the effects of three different solvents—chlorobenzene (CB), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and dimethylformamide (DMF)—on the self-assembly of PEDOT films and compares their thermal, morphological, electrochemical, and electrochromic properties. PEDOT annealed with DMF exhibits a highly crystalline film morphology, which increases the difficulty of ionic doping/undoping and leads to suboptimal electrochemical and electrochromic stability. After CB annealing, PEDOT forms a relatively gentle melting peak. In addition to a certain degree of crystallinity, the polymer film also exhibits cracking, which severely impairs the electrochromic performance. After THF annealing, PEDOT exhibits a gentler melting peak, a surface morphology that is more favorable for electrochemical and electrochromic performance, ultimately achieving an optical contrast of 28%, the fastest response time of 1.1 s, and the highest coloration efficiency of 184 cm2 C−1. The impact of solvent annealing on PEDOT’s electrochromism is significantly different, which will guide the electrochemical and electrochromic properties of PEDOT analogs and derivatives under the influence of different solvents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscale Materials and (Flexible) Devices: 2nd Edition)
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1 pages, 137 KB  
Correction
Correction: Dumbuya et al. Exploring Disulfiram’s Anticancer Potential: PLGA Nano-Carriers for Prolonged Drug Delivery and Potential Improved Therapeutic Efficacy. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 1133
by Ibrahim Dumbuya, Ana Maria Pereira, Ibrahim Tolaymat, Adnan Al Dalaty, Basel Arafat, Matt Webster, Barbara Pierscionek, Mouhamad Khoder and Mohammad Najlah
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211619 - 24 Oct 2025
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
20 pages, 7633 KB  
Article
Light Absorption and Scattering Properties of Ag@TiO2 Nanosphere Dimer for Photocatalytic Water Purification
by Bojun Pu, Paerhatijiang Tuersun, Shuyuan Li, Guoming He, Fengyi Dou and Shuqi Lv
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211618 - 23 Oct 2025
Abstract
Finding high-performance and low-cost materials is essential for high-quality photocatalytic water purification to expand the spectral response and improve light utilization. In this paper, we used relatively inexpensive materials such as Ag and TiO2. The influence of particle spacing, core radius, [...] Read more.
Finding high-performance and low-cost materials is essential for high-quality photocatalytic water purification to expand the spectral response and improve light utilization. In this paper, we used relatively inexpensive materials such as Ag and TiO2. The influence of particle spacing, core radius, shell thickness, environmental refractive index, and incident light direction angle on the light absorption and scattering properties, local electric field enhancement, and photothermal effect of the Ag@TiO2 core–shell nanosphere dimer is investigated by using the finite element method and the finite difference time domain. The formation mechanism of multipole resonance mode of the dimer is revealed by means of the multipole decomposition theory and the internal current distribution of the particles. The results show that light absorption and scattering of the dimer can be tuned within the visible light range by changing the particle spacing, core radius, and shell thickness. With the azimuth angle of incident light increases, the longitudinal local surface plasmon resonance (L-LSPR) mode will transform into the transverse local surface plasmon resonance (T-LSPR) mode, and the L-LSPR mode makes the dimer have better local electric field enhancement. Strong light absorption can easily cause a sharp increase in the temperature around the dimer, accelerating the rate of catalytic oxidation reactions and the elimination of bacteria and viruses in water. Strong light scattering causes a significant enhancement of the electric field between the particles, making the generation of hydroxyl and other active oxides more efficient and convenient. This work establishes a theoretical basis for designing efficient water purification photocatalysts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysis at the Nanoscale: Insights from Theory and Simulation)
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33 pages, 3684 KB  
Review
Advancing Earth-Abundant CZTSSe Solar Cells: Recent Progress in Efficiency and Defect Engineering
by Yusuf Selim Ocak and Fatih Bayansal
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1617; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211617 - 23 Oct 2025
Abstract
The earth-abundant, ecologically friendly structure of kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSe) solar cells, with their advantageous optoelectronic characteristics, including a direct bandgap (1.0–1.5 eV) and a high optical absorption coefficient (>104 cm−1), have made them a very promising member [...] Read more.
The earth-abundant, ecologically friendly structure of kesterite Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSe) solar cells, with their advantageous optoelectronic characteristics, including a direct bandgap (1.0–1.5 eV) and a high optical absorption coefficient (>104 cm−1), have made them a very promising member of thin-film photovoltaics. However, the path toward commercialization has been slowed down by restraint such as high open-circuit voltage deficits, deep-level defect states, and compositional inhomogeneities that lead to charge recombination and efficiency loss. Despite these obstacles, very recent advances in material processing and device engineering have revitalized this technology. Incorporating elements like Ge, Ag, and Li; optimizing interface properties; and introducing methods like hydrogen-assisted selenization have all contributed to raising device efficiencies by around 15%. This review discusses recent progress and evaluates how far CZTSSe has come and what remains to be done to realize its commercial promise. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Optoelectronic Devices: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications)
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11 pages, 3024 KB  
Article
Preparation of Lithium–Cesium Co-Doped Tungsten Oxide by Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Method
by Yue Liu, Xinyu Song, Liying Wen, Yan Luo, Zhiwang Sun and Shifeng Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1616; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211616 - 23 Oct 2025
Abstract
Buildings consume 40% of global energy, over half of which is used for cooling and heating. Tungsten bronze (MxWO3) holds promise for smart windows due to its ability to block near-infrared (NIR) heat radiation while maintaining visible light transmittance. [...] Read more.
Buildings consume 40% of global energy, over half of which is used for cooling and heating. Tungsten bronze (MxWO3) holds promise for smart windows due to its ability to block near-infrared (NIR) heat radiation while maintaining visible light transmittance. However, conventional high-temperature synthesis is energy intensive. Here, we develop a low-temperature hydrothermal method (170 °C) to prepare Li and Cs co-doped tungsten oxide using WCl6, LiF, and CsOH·H2O as precursors, with acetic acid as a crystallographic modulator. The material exhibits a hexagonal structure (P63/mcm) and Li+-induced lattice expansion (0.34 nm spacing). Combined XPS and ICP-OES analyses confirm the chemical composition as Cs0.31Li0.09WO3 and reveal a positive correlation between the W5+ content (15.76%) and oxygen vacancy concentration, which is identified as the key factor enhancing the NIR absorption. The material demonstrates excellent visible light transmission and NIR shielding properties. Our work provides a more energy-efficient and sustainable pathway for the production of smart window materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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17 pages, 14804 KB  
Article
Low-Friction and Corrosion-Resistant Orthodontic Stainless Steel Archwires with Functional Carbon Films
by Pengfei Wang, Minghui Hao and Shiqi Cheng
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1615; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211615 - 23 Oct 2025
Abstract
To mitigate the adverse effects of immersion in fluoride-containing solutions on the surface corrosion of orthodontic stainless steel archwires, carbon films were fabricated on these archwires under various deposition times and substrate bias voltages using a self-designed plasma sputtering system. Structural analysis revealed [...] Read more.
To mitigate the adverse effects of immersion in fluoride-containing solutions on the surface corrosion of orthodontic stainless steel archwires, carbon films were fabricated on these archwires under various deposition times and substrate bias voltages using a self-designed plasma sputtering system. Structural analysis revealed that the carbon films deposited at lower substrate bias voltages were classified as amorphous carbon films, whereas those fabricated at higher substrate bias voltages were identified as graphene nanocrystalline carbon films. Particularly, immersion tests and electrochemical experiments demonstrated that carbon film prepared at a substrate bias voltage of +50 V for 80 min exhibited exceptional corrosion resistance. Furthermore, a low friction coefficient and low wear rate were obtained even after soaking in a fluoride toothpaste mixed solution. The mechanisms underlying the corrosion resistance and friction properties of these superior carbon films were thoroughly investigated. This study provides valuable insights into the application of carbon film for reducing friction and wear while enhancing corrosion resistance, thus promoting their practical clinical applications in coated orthodontic stainless steel archwires. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization, Properties, Simulation, and Applications of Nanostructured Materials)
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8 pages, 2022 KB  
Article
Fabrications of Fully Transparent Gallium Oxide Solar-Blind Photodetectors
by Li-Wen Wang, Tai-Yu Wu and Sheng-Yuan Chu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211614 - 23 Oct 2025
Abstract
This article presents a remarkable achievement: a gallium oxide-based, non-metallic, fully transparent, and self-powered solar-blind ultraviolet photodetector. We have replaced the traditional metal electrode with gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), a transparent conductive oxide, for this transparent purpose. Gallium oxide, a wide-bandgap material suitable [...] Read more.
This article presents a remarkable achievement: a gallium oxide-based, non-metallic, fully transparent, and self-powered solar-blind ultraviolet photodetector. We have replaced the traditional metal electrode with gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), a transparent conductive oxide, for this transparent purpose. Gallium oxide, a wide-bandgap material suitable for solar-blind detection, is used as the active layer. Glass and natural mica are used for the transparent substrate. The gallium oxide thin film is deposited by RF sputtering at room temperature, with polycrystalline orientation, and the top integrated GZO electrode is also prepared at room temperature using the same technique. This simple two-layer structure device maintains a transmittance of over 88% in the visible spectrum for both substrates, a truly impressive performance. Both glass and mica substrates exhibit self-powered photoresponsivity at 265 nm with responsivities of 8.8 × 10−9 and 4.4 × 10−7 (A/W), operating with an externally applied voltage of 1 V and boasting a responsivity of around two orders of magnitude with rise/fall times less than 10 s. An X-ray diffractometer, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, semiconductor analysis, and a semiconductor electron microscope are used for material analysis and device performance. This article presents a transparent gallium oxide solar-blind photodetector with a simple structure. Our research explains the exceptional transmittance of non-metal electrodes with gallium oxide solar-blind photodetectors, setting a new standard in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene and 2D Material-Based Photodetectors)
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18 pages, 6253 KB  
Article
Long-Term Stability of Nanobubbles Generated via Pressure Oscillation-Hydrodynamic Cavitation: A Rapid Assessment by UV–Vis Spectrophotometry
by Lei Huang, Jiaqi Dong, Ming Chen, Lei Li and Ruichao Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1613; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211613 - 23 Oct 2025
Abstract
The long-term stability of bulk nanobubbles is crucial for their functional applications; however, understanding the evolution of their size distribution remains a significant challenge. While conventional characterization methods, such as Dynamic Light Scattering and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, provide size information, they are often [...] Read more.
The long-term stability of bulk nanobubbles is crucial for their functional applications; however, understanding the evolution of their size distribution remains a significant challenge. While conventional characterization methods, such as Dynamic Light Scattering and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, provide size information, they are often sample-intensive and expensive, making them ill-suited for high-throughput or long-term dynamic monitoring of size distribution polydispersity. This research validated UV–Vis spectrophotometry as a simple, powerful tool for tracking these dynamic changes. Air nanobubbles generated via pressure oscillation-hydraulic cavitation were systematically monitored over 30 days using correlative DLS, NTA, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. A distinct two-stage evolution was identified: an initial “purification” phase marked by the dissolution of unstable bubbles, followed by a long-term “maturation” phase governed by Ostwald ripening. The Ångström exponent (n), derived from the full extinction spectrum, is a highly sensitive descriptor of this process. The evolution of n traced a unique V-shaped trajectory, which resulted in a pronounced hysteresis loop when plotted against the mean diameter from DLS. This hysteresis reveals that systems with identical mean diameters can possess vastly different distribution morphologies, which are inaccessible through traditional sizing methods alone. This research establishes full-spectrum UV–Vis analysis as a robust methodology, enabling rapid and efficient assessment of nanobubble stability and providing a deeper mechanistic understanding of their complex evolution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Physical Chemistry at Nanoscale)
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20 pages, 11331 KB  
Article
A Wavelet-Based Bilateral Segmentation Study for Nanowires
by Yuting Hou, Yu Zhang, Fengfeng Liang and Guangjie Liu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1612; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211612 - 23 Oct 2025
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) nanowires represent a critical class of nanomaterials with extensive applications in biosensing, biomedicine, bioelectronics, and energy harvesting. In materials science, accurately extracting their morphological and structural features is essential for effective image segmentation. However, 1D nanowires frequently appear in dispersed or [...] Read more.
One-dimensional (1D) nanowires represent a critical class of nanomaterials with extensive applications in biosensing, biomedicine, bioelectronics, and energy harvesting. In materials science, accurately extracting their morphological and structural features is essential for effective image segmentation. However, 1D nanowires frequently appear in dispersed or entangled configurations, often with blurred backgrounds and indistinct boundaries, which significantly complicates the segmentation process. Traditional threshold-based methods struggle to segment these structurally complex nanowires with high precision. To address this challenge, we propose a wavelet-based Bilateral Segmentation Network named WaveBiSeNet, to which a Dual Wavelet Convolution Module (DWCM) and a Flexible Upsampling Module (FUM) are introduced to enhance feature representation and improve segmentation accuracy. In this study, we benchmarked WaveBiSeNet against ten segmentation models on a peptide nanowire image dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that WaveBiSeNet achieves, mIoU of 77.59%, an accuracy of 89.95%, an F1 score of 87.22%, and a Kappa coefficient of 74.13%, respectively. Compared to other advanced models, our proposed model achieves better segmentation performance. These findings demonstrate that WaveBiSeNet is an end-to-end deep segmentation network capable of accurately analyzing complex 1D nanowire structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low Dimensional Materials Fabrication, Characterization and Applications)
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20 pages, 4246 KB  
Article
Development of a Machine Learning Interatomic Potential for Zirconium and Its Verification in Molecular Dynamics
by Yuxuan Wan, Xuan Zhang and Liang Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1611; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211611 - 22 Oct 2025
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) can dynamically reveal the structural evolution and mechanical response of Zirconium (Zr) at the atomic scale under complex service conditions such as high temperature, stress, and irradiation. However, traditional empirical potentials are limited by their fixed function forms and parameters, [...] Read more.
Molecular dynamics (MD) can dynamically reveal the structural evolution and mechanical response of Zirconium (Zr) at the atomic scale under complex service conditions such as high temperature, stress, and irradiation. However, traditional empirical potentials are limited by their fixed function forms and parameters, making it difficult to accurately describe the multi-body interactions of Zr under conditions such as multi-phase structures and strong nonlinear deformation, thereby limiting the accuracy and generalization ability of simulation results. This paper combines high-throughput first-principles calculations (DFT) with the machine learning method to develop the Deep Potential (DP) for Zr. The developed DP of Zr was verified by performing molecular dynamic simulations on lattice constants, surface energies, grain boundary energies, melting point, elastic constants, and tensile responses. The results show that the DP model achieves high consistency with DFT in predicting multiple key physical properties, such as lattice constants and melting point. Also, it can accurately capture atomic migration, local structural evolution, and crystal structural transformations of Zr under thermal excitation. In addition, the DP model can accurately capture plastic deformation and stress softening behavior in Zr under large strains, reproducing the characteristics of yielding and structural rearrangement during tensile loading, as well as the stress-induced phase transition of Zr from HCP to FCC, demonstrating its strong physical fidelity and numerical stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)
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23 pages, 3235 KB  
Article
Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Garlic Peel Target NF-κB and Redox Imbalance: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy Against Pyrogallol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
by Duaa A. Althumairy
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1610; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211610 - 22 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hepatotoxicity remains a major therapeutic challenge driven by oxidative stress and inflammation. This study investigated the hepatoprotective potential of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles derived from ethanolic garlic peel extract (GPE-Ag) against pyrogallol-induced liver injury. Methods: Adult rats were randomly assigned into four groups: [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Hepatotoxicity remains a major therapeutic challenge driven by oxidative stress and inflammation. This study investigated the hepatoprotective potential of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles derived from ethanolic garlic peel extract (GPE-Ag) against pyrogallol-induced liver injury. Methods: Adult rats were randomly assigned into four groups: a control group, a pyrogallol-treated group, a group receiving GPE-Ag nanoparticles (50 mg/kg, orally) for 28 days, and GPE-Ag + pyrogallol co-treated. Results: The garlic peel extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), revealing high levels of phenolic acids (66.83 µg/g) and flavonoids (59.81 µg/g), predominantly ellagic, gallic, and syringic acids, along with kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin. The synthesized GPE-Ag nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM), zeta potential, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). GPE-Ag treatment markedly attenuated pyrogallol-induced hepatic injury by reducing serum liver enzyme levels, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), while enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). Histological examination further confirmed the restoration of normal hepatic architecture. Conclusion: This study provides the first evidence that garlic peel–derived silver nanoparticles exert potent hepatoprotective effects through redox homeostasis restoration and modulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. These findings highlight GPE-Ag as a promising, sustainable nanotherapeutic candidate for managing chemically induced liver injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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32 pages, 5318 KB  
Review
Recent Advances in Doping and Polymer Hybridization Strategies for Enhancing ZnO-Based Gas Sensors
by Nazir Mustapha, Boutheina Ben Abdelaziz, Majdi Benamara and Mokhtar Hjiri
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1609; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211609 - 22 Oct 2025
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for gas sensing applications due to their high sensitivity, fast response–recovery cycles, thermal and chemical stability, and low fabrication cost. However, the performance of pristine ZnO remains limited by high operating temperatures, poor selectivity, [...] Read more.
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for gas sensing applications due to their high sensitivity, fast response–recovery cycles, thermal and chemical stability, and low fabrication cost. However, the performance of pristine ZnO remains limited by high operating temperatures, poor selectivity, and suboptimal detection at low gas concentrations. To address these limitations, significant research efforts have focused on dopant incorporation and polymer hybridization. This review summarizes recent advances in dopant engineering using elements such as Al, Ga, Mg, In, Sn, and transition metals (Co, Ni, Cu), which modulate ZnO’s crystal structure, defect density, carrier concentration, and surface activity—resulting in enhanced gas adsorption and electron transport. Furthermore, ZnO–polymer nanocomposites (e.g., with polyaniline, polypyrrole, PEG, and chitosan) exhibit improved flexibility, surface functionality, and room-temperature responsiveness due to the presence of active functional groups and tunable porosity. The synergistic combination of dopants and polymers facilitates enhanced charge transfer, increased surface area, and stronger gas–molecule interactions. Where applicable, sol–gel-based studies are explicitly highlighted and contrasted with non-sol–gel routes to show how synthesis controls defect chemistry, morphology, and sensing metrics. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the structure–function relationships in doped ZnO and ZnO–polymer hybrids and offers guidelines for the rational design of next-generation, low-power, and selective gas sensors for environmental and industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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37 pages, 11852 KB  
Review
Development of High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells and Their Integration with Machine Learning
by Shihao Gao, Ruowen Peng, Kuankuan Ren, Lina Yu, Qi Jiang, Zhanwei Shen, Shizhong Yue and Zhijie Wang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211608 - 22 Oct 2025
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells, as a rising star in third-generation photovoltaic technologies, have attracted extensive attention due to their high light absorption, tunable bandgap, and high power conversion efficiency, indicating substantial potential for future applications. Starting from the development history of perovskite solar cells, [...] Read more.
Perovskite solar cells, as a rising star in third-generation photovoltaic technologies, have attracted extensive attention due to their high light absorption, tunable bandgap, and high power conversion efficiency, indicating substantial potential for future applications. Starting from the development history of perovskite solar cells, this review systematically comprehends the technological breakthroughs in the continuous improvement of power conversion efficiency since their invention, outlining the research status and technical bottlenecks. A detailed analysis is provided on the material characteristics and limitations of the lead-based perovskite systems. Critical obstacles towards commercialization are also identified, such as operational instability and the challenges associated with large-scale manufacturing. Finally, the potential role of machine learning in the discovery and design of new perovskite materials is highlighted, and future development directions have been outlined. Special focus is placed on the innovative applications of machine learning in material composition screening, material properties prediction, and process parameter optimization, with the aim of constructing a closed-loop research framework. The review aims to offer valuable insights and references for advancing the performance and industrial applications of perovskite solar cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practical Perovskite Nanomaterials for Modern Optoelectronic Devices)
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14 pages, 4548 KB  
Article
Performance Evaluation of Nano-Silica-Reinforced Mortar Containing Waste Tire Rubber and Recycled Fine Aggregate: Mechanical Properties, Frost Resistance, and Microstructure Assessment
by Yan Yan, Guofu Chen, Hang Chen and Zhukai Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1607; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211607 - 22 Oct 2025
Abstract
In the preparation of rubber-recycled cement mortar (RRCM), recycled fine aggregates (RFA) were used to replace 95% of natural fine aggregates (NFA) by mass, with an additional 5% of NFA replaced by rubber particles (RP). Additionally, nano-silica (NS) was incorporated to replace ordinary [...] Read more.
In the preparation of rubber-recycled cement mortar (RRCM), recycled fine aggregates (RFA) were used to replace 95% of natural fine aggregates (NFA) by mass, with an additional 5% of NFA replaced by rubber particles (RP). Additionally, nano-silica (NS) was incorporated to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by mass at a replacement of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. The study aimed to investigate the effects of NS on the mechanical properties, freeze–thaw resistance, and microstructure of RRCM, using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to reveal the enhancement mechanisms. The results indicated that the compressive strength and flexural strength of RRCM at 28 days decreased by 10.3% and 10.1%, respectively, compared to NCM. After adding 1–3% NS, the mechanical properties of RRCM were improved, with the enhancements increasing as the NS content increased. Specifically, RRCM3 exhibited a 7.7% and 7.6% improvement in compressive and flexural strength, respectively, compared to RRCM0. After 30 freeze–thaw cycles, the strength loss rate of RCM was 27.51%, whereas the strength loss rate of RRCM3 was reduced to 20.13%, with better overall appearance integrity. Moreover, NS promoted the hydration of cement; reduced the contents of tricalcium silicate (C3S), and dicalcium silicate (C2S) and calcium hydroxide (CH); and facilitated the formation of additional hydration products that filled the interfacial transition zone (ITZ). The incorporation of 3% NS was found to provide the optimal improvement in RRCM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical, Physical Properties and Thermal Characteristics of Nanofiller-Reinforced Composites)
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10 pages, 3074 KB  
Article
A Method for Preparing Diamond Films with High Thermal Stability
by Xia Zhao, Chao Han, Xin Jia and Zifeng Fan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1606; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211606 - 22 Oct 2025
Viewed by 32
Abstract
Due to the outstanding thermal stability of diamond film, diamond films have extensive application prospects in fields such as electronics, optics, biomedicine, and aerospace, and are one of the important materials driving the development of modern science and technology. Moreover, the cost of [...] Read more.
Due to the outstanding thermal stability of diamond film, diamond films have extensive application prospects in fields such as electronics, optics, biomedicine, and aerospace, and are one of the important materials driving the development of modern science and technology. Moreover, the cost of single-crystal diamond substrates is high, and it is difficult to achieve large-scale batch production. A direct current arc plasma jet chemical vapor deposition method, combined with post-treatment steps such as nano-diamond seed crystal implantation, surface modification, and high-temperature annealing, is used to prepare high-quality diamond films. The relationship between the thermal conductivity and optical properties of diamond films is analyzed in detail. The experimental results showed that diamond film has a relatively smooth surface, with a surface roughness that can reach 3 nm. As the temperature rises, diamond films exhibit good crystal orientation and thermal stability, the FWHM of reflection peaks become smaller, and thermal conductivity can reach 1734 W/(m·K). The infrared testing analysis also confirmed that the diamond film has excellent thermal diffusion properties. When the diamond film is applied to power device chips, it can effectively reduce the junction temperature of 30 °C. The preparation method proposed in this paper is expected to break through the cost and scale limitations of high-performance diamond films, thereby promoting the wide application of diamond films in industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Dimensional Materials: Thermal Characterization, Thermal Devices, and Thermal Management)
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10 pages, 1407 KB  
Article
Sensitive Displacement Sensor Based on a Flexible Grating Random Laser
by Guang Dai, Yan Liu, Zhenzhen Shang, Yangjun Yan, Hui Peng and Heng Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211605 - 22 Oct 2025
Viewed by 42
Abstract
This study proposes and demonstrates a highly sensitive displacement sensor based on a flexible random laser. The sensor utilizes a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film where a self-assembled surface grating structure is formed via oxygen plasma surface treatment combined with bending prestress. This structure acts [...] Read more.
This study proposes and demonstrates a highly sensitive displacement sensor based on a flexible random laser. The sensor utilizes a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film where a self-assembled surface grating structure is formed via oxygen plasma surface treatment combined with bending prestress. This structure acts as a photon-trapping microcavity and multiple scattering feedback center, integrated with embedded laser dye PM597 as the gain medium to form a flexible grating random laser. Experiments show that the device generates random lasing emission under 532 nm pumping (threshold ~21 mJ/cm2) with a linewidth of ~0.25 nm and a degree of polarization of ~0.82. Applying micro-displacement alters the PDMS film curvature, subsequently changing the grating morphology (height, angle). This modifies photon trapping efficiency and geometric deflection loss within the equivalent resonator cavity, leading to significant modulation of the random laser output intensity. A linear correspondence between displacement and lasing intensity was established (R2 ≈ 0.91), successfully demonstrating displacement sensing functionality. This scheme not only provides a low-cost method for fabricating flexible grating random lasers but also leverages the extreme sensitivity of random lasing modes to local disordered structural changes, paving the way for novel high-sensitivity mechanical sensors and on-chip integrated photonic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser–Nanostructure Interactions: From Fundamentals to Applications)
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20 pages, 2337 KB  
Review
Greener Solutions in Aflatoxin Management: Transitioning from Conventional Binders to Green Nanotechnology
by Patience M. Awafong, Viola O. Okechukwu, Temitope R. Fagbohun, Oluwasola A. Adelusi, Oluwafemi A. Adebo, Patrick B. Njobeh and Julian Q. Mthombeni
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1604; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211604 - 22 Oct 2025
Viewed by 118
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and Aspergillus parasiticus (A. parasiticus) that contaminate food and feed, posing serious health risks to humans and animals. Consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods can cause aflatoxicosis, a serious condition [...] Read more.
Aflatoxins (AFs) are toxic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus) and Aspergillus parasiticus (A. parasiticus) that contaminate food and feed, posing serious health risks to humans and animals. Consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated foods can cause aflatoxicosis, a serious condition characterised by acute or chronic toxicity. Due to their prevalence, especially in humid regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, proper management is essential for food safety and public health. While traditional methods for controlling aflatoxins can be effective, they are often costly and may introduce harmful chemicals into food, posing risks to the environment and human health. This review paper extensively analyses the toxin binders used to mitigate aflatoxin contamination, discussing their mechanisms of action and effectiveness. It also explores the transition from traditional aflatoxin management strategies to greener alternatives, with a focus on the emerging field of green nanotechnology. Additionally, this paper examines the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using metal salt solutions and plant extracts, and their efficacy as inhibitors of aflatoxin-producing fungi and their toxins, demonstrating high effectiveness with minimal toxicity to human health and the environment. Furthermore, the article explores the integration of green nanotechnology into sustainable aflatoxin management and discusses future research directions for developing even more potent interventions through nano-encapsulation with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Full article
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