Ferroelectric Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals: Recent Progress and Current Challenges
Abstract
:1. Liquid Crystals and Nanoparticles: Introduction
2. Liquid Crystals Doped with Ferroelectric Nanoparticles: A Brief Historical Overview
2.1. Early Developments (2003–2006)
2.2. Research Expansion (2007–2011)
2.3. Research Expansion, Globalization, and Validation (2012–2017)
3. Technology and Basic Properties of Liquid Crystals Doped with Ferroelectric Nanoparticles
3.1. Current Technology
3.2. Basic Properties of Liquid Crystals Doped with Ferroelectric Nanoparticles
4. Scientific and Technological Challenges
4.1. Issues Related to Nanoparticles
4.2. Stable and Aggregate-Free Dispersions
4.3. Issues Associated with the Choice of Guest-Host Materials
4.4. Experimental Procedures and Control Measurements
4.5. New Theoretical and Computational Models
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Studied Samples | Observed Effects | Reference |
---|---|---|
Quasi-spherical (20 ± 10 nm) ferroelectric nanoparticles (Sn2P2S6, ~0.3 vol. %) were dispersed in 5CB. Nanoparticles were prepared by means of mechanical wet grinding. To provide the stability of nano-colloids, oleic acid was used as surfactant. | Several samples were prepared. The obtained results were dependent on the pre-history of the sample indicating possible aging of ferroelectric dispersions. As a result, both increase and decrease of the order parameter (on the order of 5–10%) and of the clearing point (on the order of 1–10 deg.) was demonstrated. | [48] |
Ferroelectric nanoparticles (BaTiO3; 1–4 vol. %; ~150 nm) were dispersed in 5CB. Nanoparticles were prepared by means of mechanical wet grinding. To provide the stability of nano-colloids, oleic acid was used as a surfactant. | An increase in the clearing point, , from 35.2 °C to 36.6 °C. The threshold voltage (the Freedericksz transition, ) was reduced from 0.79 V to 0.54 V. The order parameter was increased from 0.55 to 0.60. The turn-on time is decreased from 450 ms to 300 ms whereas the turn-off time is increased from 5.26 s to 7.75 s. | [52] |
Ferroelectric nanoparticles (BaTiO3; ~1 wt. %; 30–50 nm) and (Sn2P2S6, ~200 nm) were dispersed in 5CB. Nanoparticles were prepared by means of mechanical wet grinding. To provide the stability of nano-colloids, oleic acid was used as a surfactant. | Signigicant (~2-fold) increase of the dielectric constants and 10–20% increase in the birefringence | [26] |
Nanoparticles (BaTiO3; ~0.5 wt. %; ~4–40 nm) were dispersed in 5CB. Nanoparticles were prepared by means of mechanical wet grinding. The ferroelectricity of nanoparticles was not confirmed by experiments. To provide the stability of nano-colloids several surfactants including oleic acid were used. | An apparent shift of the Freedericksz transition towards a slightly higher value (according to electro-optical measurements) was not confirmed by capacitance measurements. The use of surfactants made of “nematogenic” molecules results in much more stable suspensions as compared to the use of oleic acid. | [75] |
Ferroelectric nanoparticles (BaTiO3; 0.33–0.50 vol. %; ~50 nm) were dispersed in 5CB. | The threshold voltage (the Freedericksz transition, ) was reduced from 0.64 V to 0.56 V (0.33 vol. %) and 0.51 V (0.50 vol. %). | [98] |
BaTiO3 nanoparticles (~100 nm; 0.05–5 wt. %) were dispersed in 5CB. No data on the ferroelectricity of the dispersed nanoparticles. | A decrease in the clearing point, (by about ~2 °C) was observed. The nematic temperature range is shortened with an increase in the concentration of nanoparticles. A decrease in the the dielectric anisotropy (from 13.1 to 11.2). The reduction of the threshold voltage from 1.02 V to 0.94 V. The splay elastic constant () is decreased from 16.50 pN to 11.13 pN (0.05 wt. %), 7.91 pN (0.5 wt. %), and to 8.88 pN (5.0 wt. %). Both increase (~100 times, at 0.05 wt. %) and decrease (~10 times, at 5.0 wt. %) in the electrical conductivity measured along the director was observed. | [107] |
Ferroelectric nanoparticles (BaTiO3; ~0.2–0.4 wt. %; ~12 nm) were dispersed in 5CB. Nanoparticles were prepared by means of mechanical wet grinding and harvested. To provide the stability of nano-colloids (over a few months), oleic acid was used as a surfactant. | A decrease in the clearing point, (by about 2.5 °C) was observed. The enthalpy of this transition () remains almost unchanged. The nematic temperature range is shortened with an increase in the concentration of nanoparticles. Practically no change in the birefringence and the dielectric anisotropy. The splay elastic constant () is practically not affected by nanoparticles while the bend elastic constant(K33) decreases (~20%). The decrease (~20%) in the rotational viscosity . | [96] |
Relatively large BaTiO3 particles (~600 nm; ~1 wt. %) were dispersed in 5CB (oleic acid was used as a surfactant). | A decrease in the clearing point, , from 35.2 °C to 32.4 °C, and in the rotational viscosity from 0.081 Pa·s (pristine liquid crystals) to 0.078 Pa·s (liquid crystal nanocolloids). The reduction of the Freedericksz transition from 1.3 V to 0.3 V. The switching time: the turn-on time is decreased (~10%) whereas the turn-off time is increased (>50%). | [108] |
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Garbovskiy, Y.; Glushchenko, A. Ferroelectric Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals: Recent Progress and Current Challenges. Nanomaterials 2017, 7, 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110361
Garbovskiy Y, Glushchenko A. Ferroelectric Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals: Recent Progress and Current Challenges. Nanomaterials. 2017; 7(11):361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110361
Chicago/Turabian StyleGarbovskiy, Yuriy, and Anatoliy Glushchenko. 2017. "Ferroelectric Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals: Recent Progress and Current Challenges" Nanomaterials 7, no. 11: 361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7110361