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Nanomaterials
Volume 7
Issue 2
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Nanomaterials, Volume 7, Issue 2 (February 2017) – 27 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Metal organic nanomaterials are promising constituents in the fabrication of efficient, and low-cost photoelectrodes for solar fuels. In this work, we synthesise a metal organic cluster complex {Ni4O4} and pair it with silicon nanowire (SiNW) electrodes to enhance the reductive photocurrent response for hydrogen generation. We show an enhanced photocurrent response of 60% when compared to bare SiNWs and verify our system as an efficient and stable photocathode for water splitting. View this paper.
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1926 KiB  
Review
Evaluating Adverse Effects of Inhaled Nanoparticles by Realistic In Vitro Technology
by Marianne Geiser, Natalie Jeannet, Martin Fierz and Heinz Burtscher
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020049 - 22 Feb 2017
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 6775
Abstract
The number of daily products containing nanoparticles (NP) is rapidly increasing. NP in powders, dispersions, or sprays are a yet unknown risk for incidental exposure, especially at workplaces during NP production and processing, and for consumers of any health status and age using [...] Read more.
The number of daily products containing nanoparticles (NP) is rapidly increasing. NP in powders, dispersions, or sprays are a yet unknown risk for incidental exposure, especially at workplaces during NP production and processing, and for consumers of any health status and age using NP containing sprays. We developed the nano aerosol chamber for in vitro toxicity (NACIVT), a portable instrument for realistic safety testing of inhaled NP in vitro and evaluated effects of silver (Ag) and carbon (C) NP—which belong to the most widely used nanomaterials—on normal and compromised airway epithelia. We review the development, physical performance, and suitability of NACIVT for short and long-term exposures with air-liquid interface (ALI) cell cultures in regard to the prerequisites of a realistic in vitro test system for inhalation toxicology and in comparison to other commercially available, well characterized systems. We also review doses applied to cell cultures in vitro and acknowledge that a single exposure to realistic doses of spark generated 20-nm Ag- or CNP results in small, similar cellular responses to both NP types and that cytokine release generally increased with increasing NP dose. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles)
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3878 KiB  
Review
Antimicrobial Polymers in the Nano-World
by Marta Álvarez-Paino, Alexandra Muñoz-Bonilla and Marta Fernández-García
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020048 - 22 Feb 2017
Cited by 132 | Viewed by 16302
Abstract
Infections are one of the main concerns of our era due to antibiotic-resistant infections and the increasing costs in the health-care sector. Within this context, antimicrobial polymers present a great alternative to combat these problems since their mechanisms of action differ from those [...] Read more.
Infections are one of the main concerns of our era due to antibiotic-resistant infections and the increasing costs in the health-care sector. Within this context, antimicrobial polymers present a great alternative to combat these problems since their mechanisms of action differ from those of antibiotics. Therefore, the microorganisms’ resistance to these polymeric materials is avoided. Antimicrobial polymers are not only applied in the health-care sector, they are also used in many other areas. This review presents different strategies that combine nanoscience and nanotechnology in the polymer world to combat contaminations from bacteria, fungi or algae. It focuses on the most relevant areas of application of these materials, viz. health, food, agriculture, and textiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)
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2907 KiB  
Article
The Influence of New Hydrophobic Silica Nanoparticles on the Surface Properties of the Films Obtained from Bilayer Hybrids
by Cristian Petcu, Violeta Purcar, Cătălin-Ilie Spătaru, Elvira Alexandrescu, Raluca Şomoghi, Bogdan Trică, Sabina Georgiana Niţu, Denis Mihaela Panaitescu, Dan Donescu and Maria-Luiza Jecu
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020047 - 20 Feb 2017
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7365
Abstract
Ultra-hydrophobic bilayer coatings on a glass surface were fabricated by sol–gel process using hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (C16TMS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) (1:4 molar ratio) as precursors. After coating, silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) functionalized with different mono-alkoxy derivatives (methoxytrimethylsilane, TMeMS; ethoxydimethylvinylsilane, DMeVES; ethoxydimethylphenylsilane, DMePhES; [...] Read more.
Ultra-hydrophobic bilayer coatings on a glass surface were fabricated by sol–gel process using hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (C16TMS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) (1:4 molar ratio) as precursors. After coating, silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) functionalized with different mono-alkoxy derivatives (methoxytrimethylsilane, TMeMS; ethoxydimethylvinylsilane, DMeVES; ethoxydimethylphenylsilane, DMePhES; and methoxydimethyloctylsilane, DMeC8MS) were added, assuring the microscale roughness on the glass surface. Influences of the functionalized SiO2 NPs and surface morphology on the hydrophobicity of the hybrid films were discussed. The successful functionalization of SiO2 NPs with hydrophobic alkyl groups were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal stability of hydrophobic SiO2 NPs showed that the degradation of the alkyl groups takes place in the 200–400 °C range. Bilayer coating with C16TMS/TMOS and SiO2 NPs modified with alkoxysilane substituted with C8 alkyl chain (SiO2 NP-C8) has micro/nano structure. Hydrophobicity of functionalized SiO2 NPs-C8 and its higher degree of nanometer-scale roughness gave rise to ultra-hydrophobicity performance for bilayer coating C16TMS/TMOS + SiO2 NPs-C8 (145°), compared to other similar hybrid structures. Our synthesis method for the functionalization of SiO2 NPs is useful for the modification of surface polarity and roughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Coatings)
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5946 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes in Thermal Plasma Reactor at Atmospheric Pressure
by Lukasz Szymanski, Zbigniew Kolacinski, Slawomir Wiak, Grzegorz Raniszewski and Lukasz Pietrzak
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020045 - 18 Feb 2017
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6559
Abstract
In this paper, a novel approach to the synthesis of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in reactors operating at atmospheric pressure is presented. Based on the literature and our own research results, the most effective methods of CNT synthesis are investigated. Then, careful selection [...] Read more.
In this paper, a novel approach to the synthesis of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in reactors operating at atmospheric pressure is presented. Based on the literature and our own research results, the most effective methods of CNT synthesis are investigated. Then, careful selection of reagents for the synthesis process is shown. Thanks to the performed calculations, an optimum composition of gases and the temperature for successful CNT synthesis in the CVD (chemical vapor deposition) process can be chosen. The results, having practical significance, may lead to an improvement of nanomaterials synthesis technology. The study can be used to produce CNTs for electrical and electronic equipment (i.e., supercapacitors or cooling radiators). There is also a possibility of using them in medicine for cancer diagnostics and therapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoengineered Interfaces, Coatings and Structures by Plasma Techniques)
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14792 KiB  
Article
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Porous Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Scaffold for Bone Regeneration
by Manabu Tanaka, Yoshinori Sato, Mei Zhang, Hisao Haniu, Masanori Okamoto, Kaoru Aoki, Takashi Takizawa, Kazushige Yoshida, Atsushi Sobajima, Takayuki Kamanaka, Hiroyuki Kato and Naoto Saito
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020046 - 17 Feb 2017
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6746
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted a great deal of attention for the biological and medical science fields because of their characteristic physical and biological properties. In this study, we investigated the capacity of the 3D porous CNT scaffold (CNT porous block; CNTp) for [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted a great deal of attention for the biological and medical science fields because of their characteristic physical and biological properties. In this study, we investigated the capacity of the 3D porous CNT scaffold (CNT porous block; CNTp) for bone regenerative medicine. Surface observations using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), crystal depositions on the surface of CNTps immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF), and evaluations of protein adsorption and controlled releasing were conducted to assess physical properties. The cell proliferation and cell morphology were observed using SEM and fluorescent microscopy. CNTps were implanted into critical-size mouse calvarial defects and evaluated for their osteoconductive ability and in vivo controlled release of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2). Interconnected porous HA ceramics (IP-CHAs) were used for comparison. CNTps have multiporous structures with interporous connections with networks of multiwalled CNTs. Crystals containing calcium and phosphate were deposited in CNTps and on the surface of the CNT networks by immersing CNTps in SBF. CNTps adsorbed more significantly and released protein more gradually than IP-CHAs. Preosteoblasts seeded onto CNTps filled pores with stretched actin filaments and filopodia. Compared with IP-CHAs, CNTps showed significantly higher cell proliferation, better osteoconduction, and more bone generation with rhBMP-2. In this study, CNTps demonstrated good osteoconductive ability, cell attachment and proliferation capacity, and growth factor retaining ability. CNTps have the potential not only as artificial bones for the treatment of bone defects, but also as scaffolds for regenerative medicine using tissue engineering approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Biomedical Application)
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3833 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Research on the Synthetic Fiber Based Silica Aerogel Nanocomposites
by Agnieszka Ślosarczyk
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020044 - 16 Feb 2017
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 7863
Abstract
The presented paper contains a brief review on the synthesis and characterization of silica aerogels and its nanocomposites with nanofibers and fibers based on a literature study over the past twenty years and my own research. Particular attention is focused on carbon fiber-based [...] Read more.
The presented paper contains a brief review on the synthesis and characterization of silica aerogels and its nanocomposites with nanofibers and fibers based on a literature study over the past twenty years and my own research. Particular attention is focused on carbon fiber-based silica aerogel nanocomposites. Silica aerogel is brittle in nature, therefore, it is necessary to improve this drawback, e.g., by polymer modification or fiber additives. Nevertheless, there are very few articles in the literature devoted to the synthesis of silica aerogel/fiber nanocomposites, especially those focusing on carbon fibers and nanofibers. Carbon fibers are very interesting materials, namely due to their special properties: high conductivity, high mechanical properties in relation to very low bulk densities, high thermal stability, and chemical resistance in the silica aerogel matrix, which can help enhance silica aerogel applications in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Textiles Nanotechnology)
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1956 KiB  
Article
Lipoic Acid Gold Nanoparticles Functionalized with Organic Compounds as Bioactive Materials
by Ioana Turcu, Irina Zarafu, Marcela Popa, Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc, Coralia Bleotu, Daniela Culita, Corneliu Ghica and Petre Ionita
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020043 - 16 Feb 2017
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 8696
Abstract
Water soluble gold nanoparticles protected by lipoic acid were obtained and further functionalized by standard coupling reaction with 1-naphtylamine, 4-aminoantipyrine, and 4′-aminobenzo-15-crown-5 ether. Derivatives of lipoic acid with 1-naphtylamine, 4-aminoantipyrine, and 4′-aminobenzo-15-crown-5 ether were also obtained and characterized. All these were tested for [...] Read more.
Water soluble gold nanoparticles protected by lipoic acid were obtained and further functionalized by standard coupling reaction with 1-naphtylamine, 4-aminoantipyrine, and 4′-aminobenzo-15-crown-5 ether. Derivatives of lipoic acid with 1-naphtylamine, 4-aminoantipyrine, and 4′-aminobenzo-15-crown-5 ether were also obtained and characterized. All these were tested for their antimicrobial activity, as well as for their influence on mammalian cell viability and cellular cycle. In all cases a decreased antimicrobial activity of the obtained bioactive nanoparticles was observed as compared with the organic compounds, proving that a possible inactivation of the bioactive groups could occur during functionalization. However, both the gold nanoparticles as well as the functionalized bioactive nanosystems proved to be biocompatible at concentrations lower than 50 µg/mL, as revealed by the cellular viability and cell cycle assay, demonstrating their potential for the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Full article
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4801 KiB  
Article
Ag Nanoparticles‐Modified 3D Graphene Foam for Binder‐Free Electrodes of Electrochemical Sensors
by Tao Han, Jianli Jin, Congxu Wang, Youyi Sun, Yinghe Zhang and Yaqing Liu
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020040 - 16 Feb 2017
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6199
Abstract
Ag nanoparticles‐modified 3D graphene foam was synthesized through a one‐step in‐situ approach and then directly applied as the electrode of an electrochemical sensor. The composite foam electrode exhibited electrocatalytic activity towards Hg(II) oxidation with high limit of detection and sensitivity of 0.11 μM [...] Read more.
Ag nanoparticles‐modified 3D graphene foam was synthesized through a one‐step in‐situ approach and then directly applied as the electrode of an electrochemical sensor. The composite foam electrode exhibited electrocatalytic activity towards Hg(II) oxidation with high limit of detection and sensitivity of 0.11 μM and 8.0 μA/μM, respectively. Moreover, the composite foam electrode for the sensor exhibited high cycling stability, long‐term durability and reproducibility. These results were attributed to the unique porous structure of the composite foam electrode, which enabled the surface of Ag nanoparticles modified reduced graphene oxide (Ag NPs modified rGO) foam to become highly accessible to the metal ion and provided more void volume for the reaction with metal ion. This work not only proved that the composite foam has great potential application in heavy metal ions sensors, but also provided a facile method of gram scale synthesis 3D electrode materials based on rGO foam and other electrical active materials for various applications. Full article
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2613 KiB  
Review
Electrospun Nanofibres Containing Antimicrobial Plant Extracts
by Wanwei Zhang, Sara Ronca and Elisa Mele
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020042 - 15 Feb 2017
Cited by 137 | Viewed by 10761
Abstract
Over the last 10 years great research interest has been directed toward nanofibrous architectures produced by electrospinning bioactive plant extracts. The resulting structures possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activity, which are attractive for biomedical applications and food industry. This review describes the diverse [...] Read more.
Over the last 10 years great research interest has been directed toward nanofibrous architectures produced by electrospinning bioactive plant extracts. The resulting structures possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activity, which are attractive for biomedical applications and food industry. This review describes the diverse approaches that have been developed to produce electrospun nanofibres that are able to deliver naturally-derived chemical compounds in a controlled way and to prevent their degradation. The efficacy of those composite nanofibres as wound dressings, scaffolds for tissue engineering, and active food packaging systems will be discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)
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4336 KiB  
Review
NiCo2O4-Based Supercapacitor Nanomaterials
by Chenggang Wang, E Zhou, Weidong He, Xiaolong Deng, Jinzhao Huang, Meng Ding, Xianqi Wei, Xiaojing Liu and Xijin Xu
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020041 - 15 Feb 2017
Cited by 146 | Viewed by 16236
Abstract
In recent years, the research on supercapacitors has ushered in an explosive growth, which mainly focuses on seeking nano-/micro-materials with high energy and power densities. Herein, this review will be arranged from three aspects. We will summarize the controllable architectures of spinel NiCo [...] Read more.
In recent years, the research on supercapacitors has ushered in an explosive growth, which mainly focuses on seeking nano-/micro-materials with high energy and power densities. Herein, this review will be arranged from three aspects. We will summarize the controllable architectures of spinel NiCo2O4 fabricated by various approaches. Then, we introduce their performances as supercapacitors due to their excellent electrochemical performance, including superior electronic conductivity and electrochemical activity, together with the low cost and environmental friendliness. Finally, the review will be concluded with the perspectives on the future development of spinel NiCo2O4 utilized as the supercapacitor electrodes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Based Fuel Cells and Supercapacitors)
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5126 KiB  
Article
An Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Composed of Carbon-Coated Nano Tin Sulfide
by Ren-Jei Chung, An-Ni Wang and Shiuan-Ying Peng
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020039 - 15 Feb 2017
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6651
Abstract
In this study, a biosensor, based on a glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized, carbon-coated tin sulfide (SnS) assembled on a glass carbon electrode (GCE) was developed, and its direct electrochemistry was investigated. The carbon coated SnS (C-SnS) nanoparticle was prepared through a [...] Read more.
In this study, a biosensor, based on a glucose oxidase (GOx) immobilized, carbon-coated tin sulfide (SnS) assembled on a glass carbon electrode (GCE) was developed, and its direct electrochemistry was investigated. The carbon coated SnS (C-SnS) nanoparticle was prepared through a simple two-step process, using hydrothermal and chemical vapor deposition methods. The large reactive surface area and unique electrical potential of C-SnS could offer a favorable microenvironment for facilitating electron transfer between enzymes and the electrode surface. The structure and sensor ability of the proposed GOx/C-SnS electrode were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and cyclic voltammetry study (CV). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colloidal Quantum Dots (QDs) for Display, Solar Cells and Bio-Image Applications)
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7110 KiB  
Article
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation of Nanostructured Hydroxyapatite with Different Dimensions
by Zhen Geng, Qin Yuan, Xianglong Zhuo, Zhaoyang Li, Zhenduo Cui, Shengli Zhu, Yanqin Liang, Yunde Liu, Huijing Bao, Xue Li, Qianyu Huo and Xianjin Yang
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020038 - 15 Feb 2017
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6156
Abstract
Nanosized hydroxyapatite (HA) is a promising candidate for a substitute for apatite in bone in biomedical applications. Furthermore, due to its excellent bone bioactivity, nanosized strontium-substituted HA (SrHA) has aroused intensive interest. However, the size effects of these nanoparticles on cellular bioactivity should [...] Read more.
Nanosized hydroxyapatite (HA) is a promising candidate for a substitute for apatite in bone in biomedical applications. Furthermore, due to its excellent bone bioactivity, nanosized strontium-substituted HA (SrHA) has aroused intensive interest. However, the size effects of these nanoparticles on cellular bioactivity should be considered. In this study, nanosized HA and SrHA with different dimensions and crystallization were synthesized by hydrothermal methods. The phase, crystallization and chemical composition were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), respectively. The morphology was observed under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The degradation behaviors of the samples were monitored by determining the ions release profile with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The releasing behavior of Ca2+ and Sr2+ showed that the degradation rate was proportional to the specific surface area and inversely proportional to crystallization. The in vitro experiment evaluated by MG63 cells showed that SrHA nanorods with a length greater than 100 nm had the best biological performance both in cell proliferation and differentiation (* p < 0.05 compared with HA-1 and SrHA-1; * p < 0.01 compared with HA-2). In addition, HA nanoparticles with a lower aspect ratio had better bioactivity than higher ones (* p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that nanosized HA and SrHA with subtle differences (including dimensions, crystallization, specific surface area, and degradation rate) could affect the cellular growth and thus might have an impact on bone growth in vivo. This work provides a view of the role of nano-HAs as ideal biocompatible materials in future clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles)
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1702 KiB  
Article
Evidence of Protein Adsorption in Pegylated Liposomes: Influence of Liposomal Decoration
by Marc Sangrà, Joan Estelrich, Raimon Sabaté, Alba Espargaró and Maria Antònia Busquets
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020037 - 10 Feb 2017
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5658
Abstract
In order to contribute to a better knowledge of the events involved in the formation of the protein corona when nanoparticles (NPs) come in contact with proteins, we report a study about the changes on the physicochemical properties of pristine, PEGylated and Cyclic [...] Read more.
In order to contribute to a better knowledge of the events involved in the formation of the protein corona when nanoparticles (NPs) come in contact with proteins, we report a study about the changes on the physicochemical properties of pristine, PEGylated and Cyclic Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate peptide (RGD)-functionalized large unilamelar liposomes (LUVs) or magnetoliposomes (MLs) upon incubation with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The main phospholipid component of both LUVs and MLs was l-α-phosphatydylcholine (PC) or 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) with 20% of cholesterol. The most obvious indication of the interaction of BSA-nanosystems is given by changes in the hydrodynamic diameter of the particles but other evidence is needed to corroborate the process. Our findings indicate that size modification is a process that is accomplished in few hours and that is strongly dependent not only on the surface decoration but also of the lipid composition of both LUVs and MLs. Fluorescence quenching experiments as well as cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) images assessed these changes and confirmed that although each system has to be studied in a particular way, we can establish three distinctive features that turn into more reactive systems: (a) compositions containing PC compared with their DMPC counterparts; (b) the presence of PEG and/or RGD compared to the pristine counterparts; and (c) the presence of SPIONs: MLs show higher interaction than LUVs of the same lipid composition. Consequently, PEGylation (that is supposed to make stealth NPs) actually fails in preventing complete protein binding. Full article
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4707 KiB  
Article
Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor Composed of Carbon-Coated Nano-Zinc Oxide
by Ren-Jei Chung, An-Ni Wang, Qing-Liang Liao and Kai-Yu Chuang
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020036 - 10 Feb 2017
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 7332
Abstract
Nowadays glucose detection is of great importance in the fields of biological, environmental, and clinical analyzes. In this research, we report a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod powder surface-coated with carbon material for non-enzymatic glucose sensor applications through a hydrothermal process and chemical vapor [...] Read more.
Nowadays glucose detection is of great importance in the fields of biological, environmental, and clinical analyzes. In this research, we report a zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorod powder surface-coated with carbon material for non-enzymatic glucose sensor applications through a hydrothermal process and chemical vapor deposition method. A series of tests, including crystallinity analysis, microstructure observation, and electrochemical property investigations were carried out. For the cyclic voltammetric (CV) glucose detection, the low detection limit of 1 mM with a linear range from 0.1 mM to 10 mM was attained. The sensitivity was 2.97 μA/cm2mM, which is the most optimized ever reported. With such good analytical performance from a simple process, it is believed that the nanocomposites composed of ZnO nanorod powder surface-coated with carbon material are promising for the development of cost-effective non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensors with high sensitivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colloidal Quantum Dots (QDs) for Display, Solar Cells and Bio-Image Applications)
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2359 KiB  
Article
Eu, Gd-Codoped Yttria Nanoprobes for Optical and T1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
by Timur Sh Atabaev, Jong Ho Lee, Yong Cheol Shin, Dong-Wook Han, Ki Seok Choo, Ung Bae Jeon, Jae Yeon Hwang, Jeong A. Yeom, Hyung-Kook Kim and Yoon-Hwae Hwang
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020035 - 10 Feb 2017
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4644
Abstract
Nanoprobes with multimodal functionality have attracted significant interest recently because of their potential applications in nanomedicine. This paper reports the successful development of lanthanide-doped Y2O3 nanoprobes for potential applications in optical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The morphology, structural, and [...] Read more.
Nanoprobes with multimodal functionality have attracted significant interest recently because of their potential applications in nanomedicine. This paper reports the successful development of lanthanide-doped Y2O3 nanoprobes for potential applications in optical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The morphology, structural, and optical properties of these nanoprobes were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), and photoluminescence (PL). The cytotoxicity test showed that the prepared lanthanide-doped Y2O3 nanoprobes have good biocompatibility. The obvious contrast enhancement in the T1-weighted MR images suggested that these nanoprobes can be used as a positive contrast agent in MRI. In addition, the clear fluorescence images of the L-929 cells incubated with the nanoprobes highlight their potential for optical imaging. Overall, these results suggest that prepared lanthanide-doped Y2O3 nanoprobes can be used for simultaneous optical and MR imaging. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Toxicity and Functionalization of Nanomaterials)
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960 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Nanovectors for the Development of DNA Blood-Stage Malaria Vaccines
by Fatin M. Nawwab Al-Deen, Sue D. Xiang, Charles Ma, Kirsty Wilson, Ross L. Coppel, Cordelia Selomulya and Magdalena Plebanski
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020030 - 10 Feb 2017
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6092
Abstract
DNA vaccines offer cost, flexibility, and stability advantages, but administered alone have limited immunogenicity. Previously, we identified optimal configurations of magnetic vectors comprising superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), polyethylenimine (PEI), and hyaluronic acid (HA) to deliver malaria DNA encoding Plasmodium yoelii (Py) merozoite [...] Read more.
DNA vaccines offer cost, flexibility, and stability advantages, but administered alone have limited immunogenicity. Previously, we identified optimal configurations of magnetic vectors comprising superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), polyethylenimine (PEI), and hyaluronic acid (HA) to deliver malaria DNA encoding Plasmodium yoelii (Py) merozoite surface protein MSP119 (SPIONs/PEI/DNA + HA gene complex) to dendritic cells and transfect them with high efficiency in vitro. Herein, we evaluate their immunogenicity in vivo by administering these potential vaccine complexes into BALB/c mice. The complexes induced antibodies against PyMSP119, with higher responses induced intraperitoneally than intramuscularly, and antibody levels further enhanced by applying an external magnetic field. The predominant IgG subclasses induced were IgG2a followed by IgG1 and IgG2b. The complexes further elicited high levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and moderate levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-17 antigen-specific splenocytes, indicating induction of T helper 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cell mediated immunity. The ability of such DNA/nanoparticle complexes to induce cytophilic antibodies together with broad spectrum cellular immunity may benefit malaria vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Immunology)
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3248 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Multicolor Core/Shell NaLuF4:Yb3+/Ln3+@CaF2 Upconversion Nanocrystals
by Hui Li, Shuwei Hao, Chunhui Yang and Guanying Chen
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020034 - 7 Feb 2017
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7156
Abstract
The ability to synthesize high-quality hierarchical core/shell nanocrystals from an efficient host lattice is important to realize efficacious photon upconversion for applications ranging from bioimaging to solar cells. Here, we describe a strategy to fabricate multicolor core @ shell α-NaLuF4:Yb3+ [...] Read more.
The ability to synthesize high-quality hierarchical core/shell nanocrystals from an efficient host lattice is important to realize efficacious photon upconversion for applications ranging from bioimaging to solar cells. Here, we describe a strategy to fabricate multicolor core @ shell α-NaLuF4:Yb3+/Ln3+@CaF2 (Ln = Er, Ho, Tm) upconversion nanocrystals (UCNCs) based on the newly established host lattice of sodium lutetium fluoride (NaLuF4). We exploited the liquid-solid-solution method to synthesize the NaLuF4 core of pure cubic phase and the thermal decomposition approach to expitaxially grow the calcium fluoride (CaF2) shell onto the core UCNCs, yielding cubic core/shell nanocrystals with a size of 15.6 ± 1.2 nm (the core ~9 ± 0.9 nm, the shell ~3.3 ± 0.3 nm). We showed that those core/shell UCNCs could emit activator-defined multicolor emissions up to about 772 times more efficient than the core nanocrystals due to effective suppression of surface-related quenching effects. Our results provide a new paradigm on heterogeneous core/shell structure for enhanced multicolor upconversion photoluminescence from colloidal nanocrystals. Full article
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1641 KiB  
Communication
{Ni4O4} Cluster Complex to Enhance the Reductive Photocurrent Response on Silicon Nanowire Photocathodes
by Yatin J. Mange, Soundarrajan Chandrasekaran, Nathan Hollingsworth, Nicolas H. Voelcker, Ivan P. Parkin, Thomas Nann and Thomas J. Macdonald
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020033 - 6 Feb 2017
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5131
Abstract
Metal organic {Ni4O4} clusters, known oxidation catalysts, have been shown to provide a valuable route in increasing the photocurrent response on silicon nanowire (SiNW) photocathodes. {Ni4O4} clusters have been paired with SiNWs to form a [...] Read more.
Metal organic {Ni4O4} clusters, known oxidation catalysts, have been shown to provide a valuable route in increasing the photocurrent response on silicon nanowire (SiNW) photocathodes. {Ni4O4} clusters have been paired with SiNWs to form a new photocathode composite for water splitting. Under AM1.5 conditions, the combination of {Ni4O4} clusters with SiNWs gave a current density of −16 mA/cm2, which corresponds to an increase in current density of 60% when compared to bare SiNWs. The composite electrode was fully characterised and shown to be an efficient and stable photocathode for water splitting. Full article
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0 pages, 5669 KiB  
Article
RETRACTED: Synthesis, Optical and Structural Properties of Copper Sulfide Nanocrystals from Single Molecule Precursors
by Peter A. Ajibade and Nandipha L. Botha
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020032 - 4 Feb 2017
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6909 | Retraction
Abstract
We report the synthesis and structural studies of copper sulfide nanocrystals from copper (II) dithiocarbamate single molecule precursors. The precursors were thermolysed in hexadecylamine (HDA) to prepare HDA-capped CuS nanocrystals. The optical properties of the nanocrystals studied using UV–visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy showed [...] Read more.
We report the synthesis and structural studies of copper sulfide nanocrystals from copper (II) dithiocarbamate single molecule precursors. The precursors were thermolysed in hexadecylamine (HDA) to prepare HDA-capped CuS nanocrystals. The optical properties of the nanocrystals studied using UV–visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy showed absorption band edges at 287 nm that are blue shifted, and the photoluminescence spectra show emission curves that are red-shifted with respect to the absorption band edges. These shifts are as a result of the small crystallite sizes of the nanoparticles leading to quantum size effects. The structural studies were carried out using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic force microscopy. The XRD patterns indicates that the CuS nanocrystals are in hexagonal covellite crystalline phases with estimated particles sizes of 17.3–18.6 nm. The TEM images showed particles with almost spherical or rod shapes, with average crystallite sizes of 3–9.8 nm. SEM images showed morphology with ball-like microspheres on the surfaces, and EDS spectra confirmed the presence of CuS nanoparticles. Full article
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1578 KiB  
Article
Formation of Platinum Catalyst on Carbon Black Using an In‐Liquid Plasma Method for Fuel Cells
by Yoshiyuki Show and Yutaro Ueno
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020031 - 31 Jan 2017
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5870
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) catalyst was formed on the surface of carbon black using an in‐liquid plasma method. The formed Pt catalyst showed the average particle size of 4.1 nm. This Pt catalyst was applied to a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC [...] Read more.
Platinum (Pt) catalyst was formed on the surface of carbon black using an in‐liquid plasma method. The formed Pt catalyst showed the average particle size of 4.1 nm. This Pt catalyst was applied to a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The PEMFC showed an open voltage of 0.85 V and a maximum output power density of 216 mW/cm2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Based Fuel Cells and Supercapacitors)
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4286 KiB  
Article
A High Power, Frequency Tunable Colloidal Quantum Dot (CdSe/ZnS) Laser
by Saradh Prasad, Hanan Saleh AlHesseny, Mohamad S. AlSalhi, Durairaj Devaraj and Vadivel Masilamai
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020029 - 30 Jan 2017
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5839
Abstract
Tunable lasers are essential for medical, engineering and basic science research studies. Most conventional solid-state lasers are capable of producing a few million laser shots, but limited to specific wavelengths, which are bulky and very expensive. Dye lasers are continuously tunable, but exhibit [...] Read more.
Tunable lasers are essential for medical, engineering and basic science research studies. Most conventional solid-state lasers are capable of producing a few million laser shots, but limited to specific wavelengths, which are bulky and very expensive. Dye lasers are continuously tunable, but exhibit very poor chemical stability. As new tunable, efficient lasers are always in demand, one such laser is designed with various sized CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. They were used as a colloid in tetrahydrofuran to produce a fluorescent broadband emission from 520 nm to 630 nm. The second (532 nm) and/or third harmonic (355 nm) of the Nd:YAG laser (10 ns, 10 Hz) were used together as the pump source. In this study, different sized quantum dots were independently optically pumped to produce amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) with 4 nm to 7 nm of full width at half-maximum (FWHM), when the pump power and focusing were carefully optimized. The beam was directional with a 7 mrad divergence. Subsequently, these quantum dots were combined together, and the solution was placed in a resonator cavity to obtain a laser with a spectral width of 1 nm and tunable from 510 to 630 nm, with a conversion efficiency of about 0.1%. Full article
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1192 KiB  
Brief Report
Oscillating Magnet Array−Based Nanomagnetic Gene Transfection: A Valuable Tool for Molecular Neurobiology Studies
by Mahendran Subramanian, Aimee-Jayne Tyler, Eva Maria Luther, Elena Di Daniel, Jenson Lim and Jon Dobson
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020028 - 29 Jan 2017
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6485
Abstract
To develop treatments for neurodegenerative disorders, it is critical to understand the biology and function of neurons in both normal and diseased states. Molecular studies of neurons involve the delivery of small biomolecules into cultured neurons via transfection to study genetic variants. However, [...] Read more.
To develop treatments for neurodegenerative disorders, it is critical to understand the biology and function of neurons in both normal and diseased states. Molecular studies of neurons involve the delivery of small biomolecules into cultured neurons via transfection to study genetic variants. However, as cultured primary neurons are sensitive to temperature change, stress, and shifts in pH, these factors make biomolecule delivery difficult, particularly non-viral delivery. Herein we used oscillating nanomagnetic gene transfection to successfully transfect SH-SY5Y cells as well as primary hippocampal and cortical neurons on different days in vitro. This novel technique has been used to effectively deliver genetic material into various cell types, resulting in high transfection efficiency and viability. From these observations and other related studies, we suggest that oscillating nanomagnetic gene transfection is an effective method for gene delivery into hard-to-transfect neuronal cell types. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine)
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310 KiB  
Review
Modified Continuum Mechanics Modeling on Size-Dependent Properties of Piezoelectric Nanomaterials: A Review
by Zhi Yan and Liying Jiang
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020027 - 26 Jan 2017
Cited by 60 | Viewed by 8275
Abstract
Piezoelectric nanomaterials (PNs) are attractive for applications including sensing, actuating, energy harvesting, among others in nano-electro-mechanical-systems (NEMS) because of their excellent electromechanical coupling, mechanical and physical properties. However, the properties of PNs do not coincide with their bulk counterparts and depend on the [...] Read more.
Piezoelectric nanomaterials (PNs) are attractive for applications including sensing, actuating, energy harvesting, among others in nano-electro-mechanical-systems (NEMS) because of their excellent electromechanical coupling, mechanical and physical properties. However, the properties of PNs do not coincide with their bulk counterparts and depend on the particular size. A large amount of efforts have been devoted to studying the size-dependent properties of PNs by using experimental characterization, atomistic simulation and continuum mechanics modeling with the consideration of the scale features of the nanomaterials. This paper reviews the recent progresses and achievements in the research on the continuum mechanics modeling of the size-dependent mechanical and physical properties of PNs. We start from the fundamentals of the modified continuum mechanics models for PNs, including the theories of surface piezoelectricity, flexoelectricity and non-local piezoelectricity, with the introduction of the modified piezoelectric beam and plate models particularly for nanostructured piezoelectric materials with certain configurations. Then, we give a review on the investigation of the size-dependent properties of PNs by using the modified continuum mechanics models, such as the electromechanical coupling, bending, vibration, buckling, wave propagation and dynamic characteristics. Finally, analytical modeling and analysis of nanoscale actuators and energy harvesters based on piezoelectric nanostructures are presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Nanomaterials)
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3411 KiB  
Article
Light Emission Intensities of Luminescent Y2O3:Eu and Gd2O3:Eu Particles of Various Sizes
by Jens Adam, Wilhelm Metzger, Marcus Koch, Peter Rogin, Toon Coenen, Jennifer S. Atchison and Peter König
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020026 - 25 Jan 2017
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 7343
Abstract
There is great technological interest in elucidating the effect of particle size on the luminescence efficiency of doped rare earth oxides. This study demonstrates unambiguously that there is a size effect and that it is not dependent on the calcination temperature. The Y [...] Read more.
There is great technological interest in elucidating the effect of particle size on the luminescence efficiency of doped rare earth oxides. This study demonstrates unambiguously that there is a size effect and that it is not dependent on the calcination temperature. The Y2O3:Eu and Gd2O3:Eu particles used in this study were synthesized using wet chemistry to produce particles ranging in size between 7 nm and 326 nm and a commercially available phosphor. These particles were characterized using three excitation methods: UV light at 250 nm wavelength, electron beam at 10 kV, and X-rays generated at 100 kV. Regardless of the excitation source, it was found that with increasing particle diameter there is an increase in emitted light. Furthermore, dense particles emit more light than porous particles. These results can be explained by considering the larger surface area to volume ratio of the smallest particles and increased internal surface area of the pores found in the large particles. For the small particles, the additional surface area hosts adsorbates that lead to non-radiative recombination, and in the porous particles, the pore walls can quench fluorescence. This trend is valid across calcination temperatures and is evident when comparing particles from the same calcination temperature. Full article
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3307 KiB  
Article
Design and Synthesis of TiO2 Hollow Spheres with Spatially Separated Dual Cocatalysts for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
by Qianqian Jiang, Li Li, Jinhong Bi, Shijing Liang and Minghua Liu
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020024 - 25 Jan 2017
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6788
Abstract
TiO2 hollow spheres modified with spatially separated Ag species and RuO2 cocatalysts have been prepared via an alkoxide hydrolysis–precipitation method and a facile impregnation method. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies indicate that Ag species and RuO2 co-located on the inner [...] Read more.
TiO2 hollow spheres modified with spatially separated Ag species and RuO2 cocatalysts have been prepared via an alkoxide hydrolysis–precipitation method and a facile impregnation method. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies indicate that Ag species and RuO2 co-located on the inner and outer surface of TiO2 hollow spheres, respectively. The resultant catalysts show significantly enhanced activity in photocatalytic hydrogen production under simulated sunlight attributed to spatially separated Ag species and RuO2 cocatalysts on TiO2 hollow spheres, which results in the efficient separation and transportation of photogenerated charge carriers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale in Photocatalysis)
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3719 KiB  
Article
One-Step Reduction and Surface Modification of Graphene Oxide by 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthoic Acid Hydrazide and Its Polypropylene Nanocomposites
by Xiang-Nan Xu, Xiao-Na Guan, Hui-Hua Zhou and Yue-Feng Zhu
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020025 - 24 Jan 2017
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6289
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide (HNH), a new reductant and modifier, was applied to reduce and modify graphene oxide (GO) in a one-step process. The obtained HNH reduced graphene oxide (HNH-rGO) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron [...] Read more.
3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide (HNH), a new reductant and modifier, was applied to reduce and modify graphene oxide (GO) in a one-step process. The obtained HNH reduced graphene oxide (HNH-rGO) was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). The results demonstrated that GO was successfully reduced to graphene and the surface of HNH-rGO was grafted with HNH. The interlayer space was increased from 0.751 nm to 1.921 nm, and its agglomeration was much more attenuated compared with GO. HNH-rGO/polypropylene and graphene/polypropylene composites were synthesized through melt-blending method. The viscosity was enhanced with increased addition of graphene and surface modified graphene demonstrated stronger rheological behavior improving effect than the untreated graphene. Full article
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7468 KiB  
Article
Linear and Nonlinear Rheology Combined with Dielectric Spectroscopy of Hybrid Polymer Nanocomposites for Semiconductive Applications
by Roland Kádár, Mahdi Abbasi, Roxana Figuli, Mikael Rigdahl and Manfred Wilhelm
Nanomaterials 2017, 7(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7020023 - 24 Jan 2017
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7797
Abstract
The linear and nonlinear oscillatory shear, extensional and combined rheology-dielectric spectroscopy of hybrid polymer nanocomposites for semiconductive applications were investigated in this study. The main focus was the influence of processing conditions on percolated poly(ethylene-butyl acrylate) (EBA) nanocomposite hybrids containing graphite nanoplatelets (GnP) [...] Read more.
The linear and nonlinear oscillatory shear, extensional and combined rheology-dielectric spectroscopy of hybrid polymer nanocomposites for semiconductive applications were investigated in this study. The main focus was the influence of processing conditions on percolated poly(ethylene-butyl acrylate) (EBA) nanocomposite hybrids containing graphite nanoplatelets (GnP) and carbon black (CB). The rheological response of the samples was interpreted in terms of dispersion properties, filler distortion from processing, filler percolation, as well as the filler orientation and distribution dynamics inside the matrix. Evidence of the influence of dispersion properties was found in linear viscoelastic dynamic frequency sweeps, while the percolation of the nanocomposites was detected in nonlinearities developed in dynamic strain sweeps. Using extensional rheology, hybrid samples with better dispersion properties lead to a more pronounced strain hardening behavior, while samples with a higher volume percentage of fillers caused a drastic reduction in strain hardening. The rheo-dielectric time-dependent response showed that in the case of nanocomposites containing only GnP, the orientation dynamics leads to non-conductive samples. However, in the case of hybrids, the orientation of the GnP could be offset by the dispersing of the CB to bridge the nanoplatelets. The results were interpreted in the framework of a dual PE-BA model, where the fillers would be concentrated mainly in the BA regions. Furthermore, better dispersed hybrids obtained using mixing screws at the expense of filler distortion via extrusion processing history were emphasized through the rheo-dielectric tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Polymer-Based Nanocomposites)
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