Recent Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Detection of Human Lactate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electrochemical Biosensors
2.1. Types of Electrochemical Biosensors
2.1.1. Amperometric Lactate Biosensor
2.1.2. Potentiometric Lactate Biosensor
2.1.3. Conductive/Impedance Lactate Biosensor
2.2. Preparation of Electrochemical Biosensors
2.2.1. Screen Printing
2.2.2. Drop Coating
2.2.3. Others
3. Optical Biosensors
3.1. Types of Optical Biosensors
3.1.1. Passive Optical Biosensor
3.1.2. Photoluminescent Optical Biosensor
3.1.3. Electroluminescent Optical Biosensor
3.2. Preparation of Optical Biosensors
3.2.1. Screen Printing
3.2.2. Immobilization
3.2.3. Others
4. Semiconductor Biosensors
4.1. Field-Effect Transistors
4.2. Organic Electrochemical Transistors
5. Self-Powered Biosensors
5.1. Piezoelectric Biosensors
5.2. Fuel Cell-Based Biosensors
5.3. Others
6. Flexible Substrate Materials for Wearable Biosensors
6.1. PDMS
6.2. PET
6.3. Paper
6.4. Fabric
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Working Electrodes | Measurement Techniques | Enzymes | Sensing Fluids | Sensitivity | Linearity | Detection Limits | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CNT/TTF/LOx/CS | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | 14.66 µA mM−1 cm−2 | 1–20 mM | — | [14] |
PB/SPE/LOx/Nafion | Amperometry | LOx | Saliva | — | 0.025–0.25 mM | 0.01 mM | [9] |
PB/BSA/LOx/PVC | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | 96 nA mM−1 | 0–28 mM | — | [74] |
LOx–Cu-MOF/CS/Pt/SPCE | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat, Saliva | 14.650 µA mM−1 | 0.00075–1.0 mM | 0.75 µM | [60] |
Pt/SilkNCT/LOx/CS | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | 174.0 nA mM−1 | 5–35 mM | 0.5 mM | [75] |
LOx/CNTs/Ti3C2Tx/PB/CFMs | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | 11.4 µA mM−1 cm−2 | 0–20 mM | 0.67 μM | [31] |
Au/TTF/CNT/LOx/CS/PVC Au/TTF/CNT/LOx/CS | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | 3.28 ± 8 μA mM−1 0.43 ± 0.11 μA mM−1 | 0–20 mM 0–30 mM | — | [45] |
PB/LOx/CS/Au | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | 14.6 μA mM−1 cm−2 | 0–30 mM | — | [76] |
Cabon/PB/LOx/ PVC/DOS/ETH500 | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | −9.4 nA mM−1 | 1–50 mM | 0.11 mM | [77] |
SPE/PB/LOx + GO-Ch | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | 0.39 μA mM−1 cm−2 | 1.0–50.0 mM | — | [58] |
LOx/BSA/PEGDE/AuNNs/Au | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | — | 5–25 mM | 54 μM | [16] |
CNTs/CNT-PB/CS/LOx | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | — | 0.25–35 mM | 0.25 mM | [78] |
LSG/Pt/CS/LOx | Amperometry | LOx | Saliva | 35.8 µA mM−1 cm−2 | 0.2–3 mM | 0.11 mM | [73] |
PB/LOx/CS/carbon | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | 0.027 ± 0.002 µA mM−1 | 5–30 mM | — | [41] |
carbon/PB/LOX/ graphene/Nafion | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | 10 µA mM−1 cm−2 | 0–20 mM | 350 nM | [79] |
PB/rGO/Au/LOx | Amperometry | LOx | Sweat | 40.6 μA mM−1 cm−2 1.9 μA mM−1 cm−2 | 1–222 μM 0.222–25 mM | — | [65] |
LOD/BSA/GA/AgNP/Nafion | Amperometry | LOD | Sweat | 262 nA mM−1 cm−2 | 1–25 mM | — | [80] |
Ag/AgCl/Carbon graphite/LOD | Amperometry | LOD | Sweat | — | 0.1–1 mM | 84.8 µM | [81] |
Carbon/OS polymer/ LOD | Amperometry | LOD | Sweat | 376.5 nA mM−1 | 25–1000 µM | — | [56] |
LOD/BSA/FC/GA/Nafion | Amperometry | LOD | Saliva | 21.8 µA mM−1 cm−2 | 0–2000 μM | — | [82] |
NiCo-LDH/SPCE | Amperometry | LDH | Sweat | 83.98 μA mM−1 cm−2 | 2–26 mM | 0.4 mM | [63] |
BP/Polmethylene green/LDH | Amperometry | LDH | Sweat | 0.2 μA mM−1 | 5–100 mM | — | [83] |
Carbon paper/Cu-catecholates | Amperometry | — | Sweat | 0.11 mA mM−1 cm−2 | 0.02–21.35 mM | 10 μM | [34] |
MWCNT/PPy | Amperometry | — | Sweat | 2.9 µA mM−1 cm−2 | — | 51 µM | [7] |
NiS-NC@NiS-MS | Amperometry | — | Urine | 2.2 μA μM−1 cm−2 | 0.5–88.5 μM | 0.5 μM | [36] |
HS-NiS | Amperometry | — | Urine | 0.655 μA μM−1 cm−2 | 0.5–88.5 μM | 0.023 μM | [35] |
MIP/Ag-Au NPs/SPCE | Amperometry | — | Sweat | 0.88066 μA mM−1 | 1–220 μM | 0.003 μM | [66] |
PANI/SPCE/Nafion | Amperometry | — | Sweat | 18.62 nA mM−1 4.25 nA mM−1 | 0.25–10 mM 10–60 mM | 0.083 mM | [61] |
ZnO NWs/TTF/ LOx/CS/GA/Nafion | Potentiometric | LOx | Sweat | — | 0–25 mM | 3.61 mM | [25] |
MIPs-AgNWs/Carbon | DPV | — | Sweat | — | 10−6–0.1 M | 0.22 μM | [67] |
Poly(3-APBA) | EIS | — | Sweat | — | 3–100 mM | 1.5 mM | [10] |
GO-LOD | EIS | LOD | Sweat | — | 1–100 mM | 1 mM | [47] |
ZnO/LOx | EIS | LOx | Sweat | — | 1–100 mM | 1 mM | [54] |
PEDOT/LOx/SPCE | EIS | LOx | Sweat | 43.42 µA mM−1 cm−2 0.32 µA mM−1 cm−2 | 0.25–1 mM 1–40 mM | 0.083 mM | [84] |
Support of Immobilization | Measurement Techniques | Enzymes | Sensing Fluids | Linearity | Detection Limit | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOx/TPE-HPro | fluorescence | LOx | Saliva | 0–200 μM | 5.5 μM | [96] |
fluorescein/Fe (III) complex | fluorescence | — | Sweat | 1.0–12.5 mM | 0.4 mM | [95] |
LOx/HRP/TMB | Colorimetric | LOx | Sweat | 10–30 mM | 0.06 mM | [115] |
LOx/HRP/4-aminoantipyrin/TOOS | Colorimetric | LOx | Sweat | 0–25 mM | — | [17] |
Alginate/TNT/LOx | Colorimetric | LOx | Sweat | 10–100 mM | 0.069 mM | [114] |
LOD/HRP/TMB/ Alginate | Colorimetric | LOD | Artificial sweat | 10–100 mM | 6.4 mM | [103] |
LDH/NAD+/formazan dyes | Colorimetric | LDH | Sweat | 1.5–100 mM | — | [102] |
Au NRs@DTNB@Au | Colorimetric | LDH | Sweat | 0.1–40 mM | 0.05 mM | [113] |
MIP/Ru-PEI@SiO2/Au NTs | ECL | — | Sweat | 0.05–1.0 mM 2.5–20.0 mM | 16.7 mM | [106] |
LOx/luminol | ECL | LOx | Saliva | 0.05–2.5 mM | 0.035 mM | [5] |
NAD/PYOD/LDH/ luminol | ECL | LDH | Sweat | — | 8.9 μM | [112] |
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Shen, Y.; Liu, C.; He, H.; Zhang, M.; Wang, H.; Ji, K.; Wei, L.; Mao, X.; Sun, R.; Zhou, F. Recent Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Detection of Human Lactate. Biosensors 2022, 12, 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121164
Shen Y, Liu C, He H, Zhang M, Wang H, Ji K, Wei L, Mao X, Sun R, Zhou F. Recent Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Detection of Human Lactate. Biosensors. 2022; 12(12):1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121164
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Yutong, Chengkun Liu, Haijun He, Mengdi Zhang, Hao Wang, Keyu Ji, Liang Wei, Xue Mao, Runjun Sun, and Fenglei Zhou. 2022. "Recent Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Detection of Human Lactate" Biosensors 12, no. 12: 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12121164