Microfluidics-Based Biosensing Platforms: Emerging Frontiers in Point-of-Care Testing SARS-CoV-2 and Seroprevalence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microfluidics Applied to COVID-19
3. Nucleic Acid Detection
3.1. Based on PCR
3.2. Based on Isothermal Amplification
3.3. Based on CRISPR
3.4. Other Microfluidic Developments
4. Antigen Detection
Type Immunoassay | Specimen | LOD | Target Protein | Detection Method | Processing Time (Minutes) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sandwich Immunoassay | Serum | 33.28 pg/mL | N | Fluorescence | <120 | [61] |
Direct Immunoassay | Saliva | NR | VP | Fluorescence | <30 | [56] |
Sandwich Immunoassay | Serum, Saliva, Nasopharyngeal and urine | 8 µg/mL | N | Colorimetric | >30 | [64] |
Direct and sandwich Immunoassay | Saliva | NR | N | Absorbance | 15 | [62] |
Direct Immunoassay | Blood | 1 fg/mL | S | Voltage | 0.05 | [57] |
Direct Immunoassay | Saliva | 4000 viral particles/mL | S | Electrochemical | 5 | [58] |
Direct Immunoassay | Food | 2.29 × 10−6 ng/mL | S | Voltage | 0.33 | [59] |
Direct immunoassay | Saliva | 90 fM | S | Electrochemical | 0.5 | [65] |
Sandwich immunoassay | Serum | 230 pg/mL | N | Electrochemical | <60 | [60] |
Sandwich immunoassay | Nasopharyngeal and serum | NR | VP | Fluorescence | 15 | [67] |
Sandwich immunoassay | Nasopharyngeal | <100 copies/mL | N | Colorimetric | >30 | [53] |
Sandwich immunoassay | Nasopharyngeal | 30 ng/mL | N | Fluorescence | <120 | [68] |
Direct immunoassay | Nasopharyngeal | 2.42 × 102 copies/mL | S | Voltage | >1 | [66] |
Direct immunoassay | Serum | 1 pg/mL | S | Voltage | 15 | [70] |
Direct immunoassay | Nasopharyngeal | 15 fM | N | Electrochemical | >30 | [63] |
5. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection
Type Immunoassay | Specimen | LOD | Target Antibodies | Detection Method | Processing Time (Minutes) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indirect immunoassay | Serum | NR | Anti-S | Colorimetric | <150 | [80] |
Sandwich immunoassay | Blood | NR | Anti-S | Colorimetric | <5 | [81] |
Indirect immunoassay | Serum | 0.06–1 ng/mL | Anti-N and S | Chemiluminescent | 15 | [88] |
Indirect immunoassay | Serum, nasopharyngeal | NR | Anti-RBD | Fluorescence | 30 | [86] |
Indirect immunoassay | Serum | 1.6 ng/mL | Anti-N, S and RBD | Fluorescence | <90 | [87] |
Sandwich immunoassay | Blood | 0.12 ng/mL | Anti-N, S and RBD | Fluorescence | 60 | [82] |
Direct immunoassay | Serum | 10 ng/mL | Anti-RBD | Electrochemical | 30 | [84] |
Direct and indirect immunoassay | Blood | 2–3 nM | Anti-N and S | Absorbance | 30 | [89] |
Indirect immunoassay | Blood | 0.08 ng/mL | Anti-S | Absorbance | 30 | [79] |
Indirect immunoassay | Serum | 0.82–0.45 ng/mL | Anti-S | Absorbance | 7 | [90] |
Indirect immunoassay | Serum | NR | Anti-S and RBD | Absorbance | NR | [83] |
6. Commercially Available Microfluidic Tests for SARS-CoV-2
7. Limitations and Perspectives
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Technique | LOD | Target Gene | Detection Method | Processing Time (Minutes) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
qPCR | 9 copies/rxn | N | Fluorescence | NR | [23] |
qPCR | 7 copies/rxn | N, E, ORF1ab, S and NSP6 | Fluorescence | <120 | [24] |
qPCR | 7 copies/μL | N | Fluorescence | <120 | [25] |
qPCR | 1 copy/rxn | N | Fluorescence | 30 | [26] |
qPCR | 20 copies/rxn | N | Fluorescence | 90 | [27] |
qPCR | 259 copies/μL | E | Nanoplasmonic | 5 | [28] |
dPCR | 4.68 copies/μL | N and ORF1ab | Fluorescence | 45 | [31] |
dPCR | 5 copies/rxn | N and ORF1ab | Fluorescence | 5 | [32] |
dPCR | 10 copies/μL | ORF1ab | Fluorescence | <60 | [33] |
LAMP | 2 copies/rxn | N, E and ORF1ab | Fluorescence | 70 | [35] |
LAMP | 100 copies/rxn | ORF1ab | Fluorescence | 20 | [36] |
LAMP | 50 copies/μL | N, ORF1ab and ORF8 | Fluorescence | 30 | [37] |
LAMP | <1 copy/μL | N | Fluorescence | 10 | [38] |
LAMP | 200 copies/μL | N and ORF1ab | Colorimetric | 60 | [39] |
LAMP | 300 copies/rxn | N and E | Colorimetric | 35 | [40] |
RCA | 30 aM/rxn | ORF1ab | Gelation | 5 | [41] |
RPA-LFA | 1 copy/μL | N | Colorimetric | 30 | [42] |
RPA-LAMP | 10 copies/rxn | S | Fluorescence | 60 | [43] |
CRISPR | 10 copies/μL | N and E | Fluorescence | 40 | [44] |
CRISPR-LFA | 100 copies/rxn | N | Colorimetric | NR | [45] |
CRISPR | 31 copies/μL | N, S and ORF1ab | Fluorescence | 20 | [46] |
Product | Manufacturer Name | Type of Platform | Target | Detection Method | Processing Time (Minutes) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ePlex SARS-CoV-2 Test | GenMark Diagnostics, Inc. | RT-qPCR | Nucleic Acid | Voltage | ~120 | [92] |
BioFire COVID-19 test | BioFire Defense, LLC | Multiplex RT-qPCR | Nucleic Acid | Fluorescence | 50 | [93] |
QIAstat-Dx Respiratory SARS-CoV-2 panel | QIAGEN GmbH | Multiplex RT-qPCR | Nucleic Acid | Fluorescence | ~60 | [94] |
Lucira COVID-19 All-In-One Test Kit | Lucira Health, Inc. | RT-LAMP | Nucleic Acid | Colorimetric | 30 | [95] |
Respiratory Virus Nucleic Acid Detection kit | CapitalBio Technology | Isothermal amplification | Nucleic Acid | Fluorescence | 90 | [96] |
Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 test | Cepheid | RT-qPCR | Nucleic Acid | Fluorescence | 45 | [97] |
Microchip RT-PCR COVID-19 detection system | Lumex Instruments Canada | RT-qPCR | Nucleic Acid | Fluorescence | 50 | [98] |
Omnia SARS-CoV-2 | Qorvo Biotechnologies | Antigen immunoassay | Proteins | Resonance frequency | ~20 | [99] |
LumiraDx SARS-CoV-2 Ag test | LumiraDx | Antigen immunoassay | Proteins | Fluorescence | 12 | [100] |
Sampinute COVID-19 | Celltrion | Antigen immunoassay | Proteins | Electrochemical | 30–45 | [101] |
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Flores-Contreras, E.A.; González-González, R.B.; Rodríguez-Sánchez, I.P.; Yee-de León, J.F.; Iqbal, H.M.N.; González-González, E. Microfluidics-Based Biosensing Platforms: Emerging Frontiers in Point-of-Care Testing SARS-CoV-2 and Seroprevalence. Biosensors 2022, 12, 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12030179
Flores-Contreras EA, González-González RB, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Yee-de León JF, Iqbal HMN, González-González E. Microfluidics-Based Biosensing Platforms: Emerging Frontiers in Point-of-Care Testing SARS-CoV-2 and Seroprevalence. Biosensors. 2022; 12(3):179. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12030179
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlores-Contreras, Elda A., Reyna Berenice González-González, Iram P. Rodríguez-Sánchez, Juan F. Yee-de León, Hafiz M. N. Iqbal, and Everardo González-González. 2022. "Microfluidics-Based Biosensing Platforms: Emerging Frontiers in Point-of-Care Testing SARS-CoV-2 and Seroprevalence" Biosensors 12, no. 3: 179. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12030179