A Facile Method for the Fabrication of the Microneedle Electrode and Its Application in the Enzymatic Determination of Glutamate
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Chemicals
2.2. Apparatus
2.3. Fabrication of the Micro-Pore Mold (MPM)
2.4. Fabrication of the Pt-MNE
2.5. Fabrication of the Biosensor
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Surface Characterization of the Samples
3.2. Electrochemical Behavior of Pt-MNE
3.3. The Electrochemical Performance of Pt-MNE/GLOx/Nafion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Obtained Value Using Pt-MNE/GLOx/Nafion/ (µM) | Mean/(µM) | Standard Deviation | Count | Standard Error of Mean | Degree of Freedom | Hypothesized Mean/(µM) | T-Value † | p-Value | Obtained Value Using Glutamate Assay Kit/ (µM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 45; 45.5, 45.2; 45.4 | 45.27 | 0.22 | 4.0 | 0.11 | 3.0 | 45.0 | 2.48 | 0.089 | 45 |
2 | 50.1; 50.5; 50.2; 50.4 | 50.3 | 0.18 | 4.0 | 0.09 | 3.0 | 50.0 | 3.28 | 0.046 | 50.0 |
Biosensor | Method | Linear Range | Limit of Detection | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pt/P(o-PD)/GLOx | CA | 20–140 µM | 10 µM | [43] |
Pt wire/P(o-PD)/GLOx/Chit/ASOx | CA | 5–35 µM | 0.59 µM | [40] |
Gold Electrode/PNAI/PPyNps | CA | 0.02–400 µM | 0.1 nM | [55] |
MWCNT-Chit-MB/GLDH-NAD-Chit-MB/MWCNT-Chit -MB | CA | 7.5–105 μM | 3.0 μM | [56] |
Pt wire/GLOx | CA | 2.5–450 μM | 1.0 μM | [57] |
SPC/PB/GLOx/Chit | CA | 25–300 μM | 9.0μM | [58] |
SPCE/AuNP/GluBP | CV | 0.1–0.8 mM | 0.15 mM | [59] |
Gold electrode/Chit/AuNP/cMWCNT/GluOx | CA | 5–500 μM | 1.6 μM | [60] |
GCE/PEI-MWNTs/bacteria-Gldh/Nafion | CA | 10 μM–1 mM and 2–10 mM | 2.0 μM | [61] |
SPCE/Chit-AA-CDs/GLDH | CA | 11–125 μM | 3.0 μM | [62] |
GCE/PtNP@MXene-Ti3C2Tx/Chi | CA | 10–110 | 0.45 | [63] |
Gold electrode/Chi/GO/Au NPs/GluOx | DPV | 0.2–1.4 mM | 0.023 mM | [64] |
SPPtE/PPYox/GLOx | CA | 0.005–1.0 mM | 1.8 μM | [65] |
Pt-MNE/GLOx/Nafion | CV CA | 1–150 μM 1–150 μM | 0.25 μM 0.41 μM | This work |
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Amouzadeh Tabrizi, M. A Facile Method for the Fabrication of the Microneedle Electrode and Its Application in the Enzymatic Determination of Glutamate. Biosensors 2023, 13, 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13080828
Amouzadeh Tabrizi M. A Facile Method for the Fabrication of the Microneedle Electrode and Its Application in the Enzymatic Determination of Glutamate. Biosensors. 2023; 13(8):828. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13080828
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmouzadeh Tabrizi, Mahmoud. 2023. "A Facile Method for the Fabrication of the Microneedle Electrode and Its Application in the Enzymatic Determination of Glutamate" Biosensors 13, no. 8: 828. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13080828