A Bacteriophage Protein-Based Impedimetric Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Bacterial Growth Conditions
2.2.2. Extraction, Purification, and Confirmation of the FlaGrab
2.2.3. Measuring the Concentration of the Protein
2.2.4. Growth Clearance Assay
2.2.5. Preparation of MWCNT Dispersion and Fabrication Protein Immobilized Electrode
2.2.6. Electrochemical Impedance Measurements
2.2.7. Sensitivity, Specificity, and Stability Tests
2.2.8. Validation Tests Using a Chicken Cecal Sample
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Confirmation of the Size, Concentration, and Activity of the Protein
3.2. Fabrication and Working Principle of the Biosensor
3.3. Electrochemical Characterization and Detection of the C. jejuni
3.3.1. Sensitivity of the Biosensor
3.3.2. Specificity of the Biosensor
3.3.3. Stability of the Biosensor
3.4. Validating the Sensor with Chicken Cecal Samples
3.4.1. Validating the Sensitivity of the Biosensor with Chicken Cecal Samples
3.4.2. Validating the Specificity of the Biosensor with the Chicken Cecal Sample
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Detection Technique | Bioreceptor | Matrix | Analysis Time | Detection Range/Limit | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Optical biosensor -SPR | Antibody | Apple juice | <1 h | 1.1 × 105 CFU/mL | [32] |
Optical biosensor -SPR | Antibody | Milk | 25 min | 102–109 CFU/mL | [33] |
Optical biosensor -SPR | Antibody | Washing water | NR | 103 CFU/mL | [34] |
Optical biosensor -SPR | Antibody | Bacterial suspension | NR | 4 × 104 CFU/mL | [35] |
Optical biosensor -SPR | DNA probe | Extracted DNA | NR | 2.5 × 10−9 mol/L | [36] |
Optical biosensor -SPR | DNA probe | Extracted DNA | NR | 102 copy/mL | [37] |
Optical biosensor -SPR | Receptor-binding phage protein | Bacterial suspension | NR | 102 copy/mL | [31] |
Colorimetric aptasensor | Aptamer | Chicken carcass | NR | 7.2 × 105 CFU/mL | [38] |
Electrochemical -Amperometry | Antibody, phosphatase | Turkey carcass wash | 2.5 h | 102–107 CFU/mL LOD = 2 × 104 CFU/mL | [39] |
Electrochemical -Amperometry | Antibody | Milk | <1.5 h | 1 × 103–5 × 105 CFU/mL LOD = 4 × 102 CFU/mL | [40] |
Electrochemical -Impedimetry | Antibody | Patient’s stool | NR | 103 CFU/mL | [41] |
Electrochemical -Impedimetry | Phage protein (CC-FlaGrab) | Chicken cecal | 10 min | 102 CFU/mL | This work |
Method | Technique | Target Bacteria | LOD | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
DUPONT Qualicon Bax® System Q7 Real-Time PCR | Real-Time PCR (Quantitative) | C. jejuni C. coli C. lari | 104 CFU/mL | [62] |
ANSR® for Campylobacter | Real-Time PCR (Qualitative) | C. jejuni C. coli C. lari | 1 CFU/analytical unit | [63] |
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Suganthan, B.; Rogers, A.M.; Crippen, C.S.; Asadi, H.; Zolti, O.; Szymanski, C.M.; Ramasamy, R.P. A Bacteriophage Protein-Based Impedimetric Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni. Biosensors 2024, 14, 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14080402
Suganthan B, Rogers AM, Crippen CS, Asadi H, Zolti O, Szymanski CM, Ramasamy RP. A Bacteriophage Protein-Based Impedimetric Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni. Biosensors. 2024; 14(8):402. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14080402
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuganthan, Baviththira, Ashley M. Rogers, Clay S. Crippen, Hamid Asadi, Or Zolti, Christine M. Szymanski, and Ramaraja P. Ramasamy. 2024. "A Bacteriophage Protein-Based Impedimetric Electrochemical Biosensor for the Detection of Campylobacter jejuni" Biosensors 14, no. 8: 402. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14080402