Phage Cocktail in Combination with Kasugamycin as a Potential Treatment for Fire Blight Caused by Erwinia amylovora
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Bacteriophage Screening
2.2. Morphological and Biological Characteristics of the Bacteriophages
2.3. In Vitro Bacterial Killing Assay
2.4. Biological Characteristics of Phage-Resistant Erwinia amylovora TS3128 Derivatives
2.5. Phage–Antibiotic Synergy (PAS) Assay
2.6. Experiment on Apple Fruit under Controlled Conditions
2.7. Stability Assay
2.8. Genomic Analysis of the Selected Phages
2.9. Comparative Genomic Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Phage Isolation
4.2. Phage Propagation and Purification
4.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy
4.4. Bacteriophage Screening Assay
4.5. Bacteriophage Host Range Assay
4.6. Bacterial Killing Assay In Vitro
4.7. Phage Resistance Assay
4.8. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Assay
4.9. Phage–Antibiotic Synergy Assay
4.10. Experiment on Apple Fruit under Controlled Conditions
4.11. Stability Assay
4.12. DNA Isolation and Sequencing
4.13. Genome Analysis
4.14. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
MIC | minimal inhibitory concentration |
phages | bacteriophages |
CFU | colony forming unit |
ORFs | open reading frames |
WT | wild type |
PAS | phage–antibiotic synergy |
GC | guanine–cytosine |
PFU | plaque forming unit |
DLA | double layer agar |
CsCl | cesium chloride |
OD | optical density |
EOP | efficiency of plating |
VICTOR | Virus Classification and Tree Building Online Resource |
ANOVA | analysis of variance |
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Bacterio-Phage | pEa_SNUABM_27 | pEa_SNUABM_31 | pEa_SNUABM_32 | pEa_SNUABM_47 | pEa_SNUABM_48 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genus | Loessnervirus | Alexandravirus | Alexandravirus | Eneladusvirus | unclassified |
Size (bp) | 53,014 | 265,765 | 265,891 | 355,376 | 294,405 |
Open reading frames (ORFs) | 78 | 337 | 336 | 540 | 358 |
tRNAs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 2 |
Guanine–cytosine (GC) content (%) | 44.07 | 49.53 | 49.19 | 34.48 | 49.52 |
DNA Circularity | Circular | Circular | Circular | Circular | Circular |
Accession number | MW349138.1 | MZ443773.1 | MZ443774.1 | MT939487.1 | MW879340.1 |
Capsid diameter (nm) | 68.5 ± 2.76 | 139.15 ± 5.47 | 130.03 ± 6.06 | 127.74 ± 6.58 | 139.74 ± 2.34 |
Tail length (nm) | 115.1 ± 2.16 | 196.32 ± 11.45 | 168.88 ± 6.53 | 126.61 ± 2.93 | 150.35 ± 16.91 |
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Kim, S.-G.; Lee, S.-B.; Jo, S.-J.; Cho, K.; Park, J.-K.; Kwon, J.; Giri, S.S.; Kim, S.-W.; Kang, J.-W.; Jung, W.-J.; et al. Phage Cocktail in Combination with Kasugamycin as a Potential Treatment for Fire Blight Caused by Erwinia amylovora. Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1566. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111566
Kim S-G, Lee S-B, Jo S-J, Cho K, Park J-K, Kwon J, Giri SS, Kim S-W, Kang J-W, Jung W-J, et al. Phage Cocktail in Combination with Kasugamycin as a Potential Treatment for Fire Blight Caused by Erwinia amylovora. Antibiotics. 2022; 11(11):1566. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111566
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Sang-Guen, Sung-Bin Lee, Su-Jin Jo, Kevin Cho, Jung-Kum Park, Jun Kwon, Sib Sankar Giri, Sang-Wha Kim, Jeong-Woo Kang, Won-Joon Jung, and et al. 2022. "Phage Cocktail in Combination with Kasugamycin as a Potential Treatment for Fire Blight Caused by Erwinia amylovora" Antibiotics 11, no. 11: 1566. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11111566