Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli: An Overview of Infection Biology, Antimicrobial Resistance and Vaccination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Infection Biology
3. APEC as a Potential Zoonosis
4. Use of Antimicrobials and AMR in APEC
Antibiotic Class | Resistance Mechanisms/Genes | Comments | References |
---|---|---|---|
Cephalosporins | AmpC beta-lactamases Including CMY family Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs): CTX-M (CTX-M-1-2-14-15-55) TEM (TEM-52) SHV (SHV-2-12) CTX-M & CMY | plasmid-encoded pAmpC Plasmid and transposon-mediated Both ESBL and AmpC present on plasmid | [34] [29,34,35,36] [34] |
Fluoroquinolones | DNA Gyrase (gyrA) mutations Topoisomerase V mutations PMQR (plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance)-qnr genes | Chromosomally-encoded Plasmid encoded | [27,28,29,30,31,32,33] |
Polymixins (colistin) | Mobilised colistin resistance mcr-1 | Plasmid encoded | [34,37,38] |
5. Vaccines for APEC
- Live attenuated vaccines targeting mutations in either key virulence factors or metabolic pathways.
- Inactivated vaccines and autogenous vaccines are produced for outbreak strains.
- Subunit vaccines targeting key virulence factors.
- Live vector vaccines, including Lactobacillus and Salmonella vectors expressing APEC antigens.
- Bacterial ‘ghost’ vaccines and outer membrane vesicles.
5.1. Live Attenuated Vaccines
5.2. Inactivated and Autologous Vaccines
5.3. Subunit Vaccines
5.4. Vector Vaccines
5.5. Bacterial Ghosts and Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMVs)
5.6. Carbohydrate Conjugate Vaccines
6. Alternatives to Antimicrobials in APEC Control
6.1. Bacteriophage Therapy
6.2. Probiotics and Microbiome Modulation
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Watts, A.; Wigley, P. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli: An Overview of Infection Biology, Antimicrobial Resistance and Vaccination. Antibiotics 2024, 13, 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090809
Watts A, Wigley P. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli: An Overview of Infection Biology, Antimicrobial Resistance and Vaccination. Antibiotics. 2024; 13(9):809. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090809
Chicago/Turabian StyleWatts, Amyleigh, and Paul Wigley. 2024. "Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli: An Overview of Infection Biology, Antimicrobial Resistance and Vaccination" Antibiotics 13, no. 9: 809. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090809