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Volume 8
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10.3390/antibiotics8040192
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Article

The Fate of Bacteriophages in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)—Towards Developing Phage Therapy for RAS

by
Gabriel M.F. Almeida
1,
Kati Mäkelä
1,
Elina Laanto
1,2,
Jani Pulkkinen
3,
Jouni Vielma
3 and
Lotta-Riina Sundberg
1,*
1
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
2
Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
3
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Production Systems, 40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antibiotics 2019, 8(4), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040192
Submission received: 8 October 2019 / Revised: 20 October 2019 / Accepted: 21 October 2019 / Published: 24 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phage Therapy: A Biological Approach to Treatment of Bacterial Infections)
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Abstract

Aquaculture production has increased tremendously during the last decades, and new techniques have been developed, e.g., recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). In RAS, the majority of water volume is circulated via mechanical and biological filters and reused in the tanks. However, the prevention and treatment of diseases in these systems are challenging, as the pathogens spread throughout the system, and the addition of chemicals and antibiotics disrupts the microbiome of the biofilters. The increasing antibiotic resistance has made phage therapy a relevant alternative for antibiotics in food production. Indeed, as host-specific and self-replicating agent they might be optimal for targeted pathogen eradication in RAS. We tested the survival and spread of Flavobacterium columnare -infecting phage FCL-2 in recirculating aquaculture fish farm with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a fully controlled study. After a single addition, phage persisted in water samples collected from tank, fixed bed, moving bed, and aeration unit up to 14 days, and in the water of rearing tanks, rainbow trout mucus, and bioreactor carrier media from the fixed and moving bed biofilters for 21 days. Furthermore, phage adsorbed preferentially to moving bed carrier media, which contained biofilm attached and from which higher phage numbers were recovered. This study shows phages as a potent strategy for maintaining biosecurity in RAS systems.
Keywords: aquaculture; bacteriophage; biofilter; disease; phage therapy; RAS; recirculating aquaculture systems aquaculture; bacteriophage; biofilter; disease; phage therapy; RAS; recirculating aquaculture systems

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MDPI and ACS Style

Almeida, G.M.F.; Mäkelä, K.; Laanto, E.; Pulkkinen, J.; Vielma, J.; Sundberg, L.-R. The Fate of Bacteriophages in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)—Towards Developing Phage Therapy for RAS. Antibiotics 2019, 8, 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040192

AMA Style

Almeida GMF, Mäkelä K, Laanto E, Pulkkinen J, Vielma J, Sundberg L-R. The Fate of Bacteriophages in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)—Towards Developing Phage Therapy for RAS. Antibiotics. 2019; 8(4):192. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040192

Chicago/Turabian Style

Almeida, Gabriel M.F., Kati Mäkelä, Elina Laanto, Jani Pulkkinen, Jouni Vielma, and Lotta-Riina Sundberg. 2019. "The Fate of Bacteriophages in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)—Towards Developing Phage Therapy for RAS" Antibiotics 8, no. 4: 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040192

APA Style

Almeida, G. M. F., Mäkelä, K., Laanto, E., Pulkkinen, J., Vielma, J., & Sundberg, L.-R. (2019). The Fate of Bacteriophages in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS)—Towards Developing Phage Therapy for RAS. Antibiotics, 8(4), 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040192

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