Evaluation of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Flanders (Belgium)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Serotyping
2.2. MIC Distribution
2.3. MPC Distribution of Sensitive APEC Strains
2.4. Antimicrobial Resistance Genes
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. APEC Strains
4.2. Serotyping
4.3. MIC Determination (Gradient Strip Test) and Classification
4.4. MPC Determination (Agar Dilution)
4.5. Determination of Molecular QRDR and PMQR Using PCR, Gel Electrophoresis and Sequencing
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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APEC Strain | MIC (μg/mL) | MPC Test 1 (μg/mL) | MPC Test 2 (μg/mL) | MPC Test 3 (μg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) |
2 | 0.016 | 0.064 (4) | 0.125 (8) | 0.125 (8) |
3 | 0.016 | 0.125 (8) | 0.25 (16) | 0.125 (8) |
4 | 0.016 | 0.125 (8) | 0.125 (8) | 0.125 (8) |
5 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 1 (32) | 0.5 (16) |
6 | 0.016 | 0.064 (4) | 0.125 (8) | 0.125 (8) |
7 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) |
8 | 0.032 | 0.064 (2) | 0.25 (8) | 0.5 (16) |
9 | 0.016 | 0.125 (8) | 0.125 (8) | 0.125 (8) |
10 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) |
11 | 0.016 | 0.125 (8) | 0.125 (8) | 0.125 (8) |
12 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) |
13 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 0.25 (8) | 0.125 (4) |
14 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 0.25 (8) | 0.125 (4) |
15 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) |
16 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) |
17 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) | 0.125 (4) |
18 | 0.016 | 0.064 (4) | 0.125 (8) | 0.125 (8) |
19 | 0.032 | 0.125 (4) | 0.25 (8) | 0.25 (8) |
20 | 0.016 | 0.125 (8) | 0.125 (8) | 0.5 (32) |
MIC (μg/mL) | Number of Isolates | QRDR Mutations | PMQR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
gyrA | parC | parE | |||
0.25 | 1 | qnrS | |||
12 | S83L | ||||
0.5 | 17 | S83L | |||
1 | 2 | qnrS | |||
2 | S83L | ||||
1 | S83L | S80R | |||
2 | 1 | qnrS | |||
2 | S83L | qnrB | |||
1 | S83L | S80R | |||
4 | 2 | S83L | qnrS | ||
8 | 1 | S83L | qnrS | ||
1 | S83L/D87N | S80R | |||
16 | 4 | S83L/D87N | S80I | ||
≥32 | 1 | S83L/D87N | S80R | S458A | |
2 | S83L/D87N | S80I | S458A |
Target | Primer | Sequence (5′ → 3′) | Annealing T (°C) | Size of Product (bp) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
gyrA | Gyr A 6-F | CGA CCT TGC GAG AGA AAT | 57 | 625 | [67] |
Gyr A 631-R | GTT CCA TCA GCC CTT CAA | ||||
parC | Par C 137-F | TGT ATG CGA TGT CTG AAC TG | 55 | 265 | [68] |
Par C 401-R | CTC AAT AGC AGC TCG GAA TA | ||||
parE | Par E 1232-F | GGC AAT GTG CAG ACC ATC AG | 54 | 265 | [68] |
Par E 1498 R | TAC CGA GCT GTT CCT TGT GG | ||||
qnrA | QnrAm-F | ATT TCT CAC GCC AGG ATT TG | 53 | 516 | [69] |
QnrAm-R | GAT CGG CAA AGG TTA GGT CA | ||||
qnrB | QnrBm-F | GAT CGT GAA AGC CAG AAA GG | 53 | 469 | [69] |
QnrBm-R | ACG ATG CCT GGT AGT TGT CC | ||||
qnrS | QnrSm-F | ACG ACA TTC GTC AAC TGC AA | 53 | 417 | [69] |
QnrSm-R | TAA ATT GGC ACC CTG TAG GC | ||||
qepA | qepA-F | GCA GGT CCA GCA GCG GGT AG | 60 | 199 | [70] |
qepA-R | CTT CCT GCC CGA GTA TCG TG | ||||
oqxA | oqxA-F | GAC AGC GTC GCA CAG AAT G | 62 | 339 | [71] |
oqxA-R | GGA GAC GAG GTT GGT ATG GA | ||||
oxqB | oqxB-F | CGA AGA AAG ACC TCC CTA CCC | 62 | 240 | [71] |
oqxB-R | CGC CGC CAA TGA GAT ACA |
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Temmerman, R.; Garmyn, A.; Antonissen, G.; Vanantwerpen, G.; Vanrobaeys, M.; Haesebrouck, F.; Devreese, M. Evaluation of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Flanders (Belgium). Antibiotics 2020, 9, 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110800
Temmerman R, Garmyn A, Antonissen G, Vanantwerpen G, Vanrobaeys M, Haesebrouck F, Devreese M. Evaluation of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Flanders (Belgium). Antibiotics. 2020; 9(11):800. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110800
Chicago/Turabian StyleTemmerman, Robin, An Garmyn, Gunther Antonissen, Gerty Vanantwerpen, Mia Vanrobaeys, Freddy Haesebrouck, and Mathias Devreese. 2020. "Evaluation of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolates from Flanders (Belgium)" Antibiotics 9, no. 11: 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110800