Metagenomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism for the Observed Increase in Antibacterial Activity of Penicillin against Uncultured Bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Relative to Oxytetracycline in Planta
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials
2.2. Application of Antibiotics to HLB-Affected Citrus
2.3. Graft-Based Assay
2.4. Genomic DNA Extraction and qPCR Analysis
2.5. DNA Extraction, Library Preparation, and Sequencing for Metagenomic Analysis
2.6. Bioinformatics Analyses
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Efficacy of Oxy and Pen against CLas
3.2. Structure and Function of the Endophytic Microbial Community in HLB-Affected Citrus Leaves Treated with Oxy and Pen
3.3. Effect of Avermectin Streptomyces avermitilis on Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability Statement
References
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Treatment | Raw Data (bp) | Clean Data (bp) | Clean Reads | GC (%) | Q20 (%) | Q30 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 794,635,500 | 676,465,200 | 2,254,884 | 42.81 | 93.88 | 87.72 |
Oxy | 1,228,026,300 | 1,034,652,000 | 3,448,840 | 42.13 | 94.84 | 89.12 |
Pen | 853,398,900 | 735,906,900 | 2,453,023 | 40.74 | 94.39 | 88.5 |
Anno_Database | Annotated_Number | 300 ≤ Length < 1000 | Length ≥ 1000 |
---|---|---|---|
COG_Annotated | 1351 | 146 | 2 |
GO_Annotated | 1296 | 133 | 1 |
KEGG_Annotated | 1796 | 147 | 2 |
Nt_Annotated | 2145 | 216 | 5 |
Pfam_Annotated | 2222 | 231 | 4 |
Swissprot_Annotated | 2548 | 223 | 4 |
All_Annotated | 3380 | 242 | 5 |
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Yang, C.; Hu, H.; Wu, Y.; Lin, X.; Fan, G.; Duan, Y.; Powell, C.; Ancona, V.; Zhang, M. Metagenomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism for the Observed Increase in Antibacterial Activity of Penicillin against Uncultured Bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Relative to Oxytetracycline in Planta. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120874
Yang C, Hu H, Wu Y, Lin X, Fan G, Duan Y, Powell C, Ancona V, Zhang M. Metagenomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism for the Observed Increase in Antibacterial Activity of Penicillin against Uncultured Bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Relative to Oxytetracycline in Planta. Antibiotics. 2020; 9(12):874. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120874
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Chuanyu, Hanqing Hu, Yihong Wu, Xiongjie Lin, Goucheng Fan, Yongping Duan, Charles Powell, Veronica Ancona, and Muqing Zhang. 2020. "Metagenomic Analysis Reveals the Mechanism for the Observed Increase in Antibacterial Activity of Penicillin against Uncultured Bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Relative to Oxytetracycline in Planta" Antibiotics 9, no. 12: 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9120874