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Article

Durable Flame-Resistant and Ultra-Hydrophobic Aramid Fabrics via Plasma-Induced Graft Polymerization

by
Eshraga A. A. Siddig
1,2,
Yu Zhang
1,
Baojing Yang
3,
Tianshu Wang
3,
Jianjun Shi
1,4,5,
Ying Guo
1,4,5,
Yu Xu
1,* and
Jing Zhang
1,4,5,*
1
New Energy Material and Device, College of Science, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
2
College of Engineering, Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST), Khartoum 11111, Sudan
3
Precision Chemical Technology (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201613, China
4
Textile Key Laboratory for Advanced Plasma Technology and Application, China National Textile & Apparel Council, Shanghai 201620, China
5
Magnetic Confinement Fusion Research Center, Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 201620, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Coatings 2020, 10(12), 1257; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121257
Submission received: 28 October 2020 / Revised: 1 December 2020 / Accepted: 5 December 2020 / Published: 18 December 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Science and Technology of Fabric Coatings)
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Abstract

:
A durable flame-resistant and ultra-hydrophobic phosphorus–fluoride coating on aramid fabrics was achieved by plasma-induced graft polymerization. The aramid fabrics were activated and roughed through the low-pressure plasma firstly, which involves the sequential coating of a mixture of phosphorus–fluoride emulsion copolymer. When potentially exposed to flame or water, such a surface produces a dual effect in which it is intumescent and waterproof, successfully giving the coated fabrics flame-resistant ultra-hydrophobic bifunctional properties. Thus, adhesive coatings provide a convenient way to resolve the issue of washing durability of the coatings. The as-prepared fabrics last for 10 repeatable washing cycles without losing their flame resistance and superhydrophobicity, suggesting future applications as advanced multifunctional textiles. Compared to an untreated coating, its char length was less than 1 cm with no measurable after-flame or after-glow times, and its static water contact angle remained stable above 170°. Meanwhile, the control sample was unable to extinguish the fire with a damage length of 10.6 cm and a water contact angle of 100°. All the results indicate that plasma-reactive polar groups interact between phosphorus and fluorine elements, leading to an increased relative atom ratio P and F through Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) spectra and XPS analysis, which inhibits the flammability and wettability.

1. Introduction

High-performance textiles, including the exploration of multifunctional textiles that protect humans from environmental hazards and threats (chemicals, fire, water, oils, gases, and pollution, etc.) such as firefighter apparel, medical, and military garments, have a highly desirable quality standard [1,2]. Potential applications in various areas have made impressive efforts to develop new functionalization fibers and/or textiles that provide multiple mechanisms of protection with their intrinsic properties [3]. However, most protection requires unique and interface function fabrics, which made aramid fabrics, including Kevlar, Armos, and Twaron, the right choice due to their high strength and modulus, high temperature and alkali resistance, and lightweight as multiple protection performance textiles [4,5]. Unfortunately, the adhesion between aramid fibers and most matrices is severe in introducing multiple coatings as a result of the compact molecule structure, high crystallinity, and smooth surface [6,7]. Surface modification eventually adds new functionalities to the material and incorporates functional components for multiple features without modifying the textile’s intrinsic properties [8,9,10]. In recent years, researchers have produced various flame resistance and hydrophobic coatings on fabric surfaces. Chen et al. [11] achieved superhydrophobic, self-cleaning, and heat resistance on cotton fabric by using solution-dipping methods involving the sequential deposition of branched poly(ethylenimine), ammonium polyphosphate, and a fluorinated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane trilayer. Zhang et al. [12] synthesized phosphorus–nitrogen–silicon with flame-retardant waterborne polyurethane (FRWPU) combined with cyclic lateral phosphoramidites and a post-chain extension process. The Wei group fabricated flame-retardant and hydrophobic multifunctional cotton fabrics [13]. However, these methods continue to have certain disadvantages, such as complex and long-term operations and the use of toxic compounds; furthermore, the coating durability is limited [14,15,16,17].
Generally, the organic coating on fabric surfaces is inherently fragile to mechanical forces, and the fabric has to suffer repeated washing during the fabric’s lifetime [18,19]. In consideration of environmental, green chemistry issues, and adhesive coatings, the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA and KO-TEX Standard100) requirement for C8 replacement, with C6 fluorine or a non-fluoride hydrophobic agent, is the primary strategy to endow them with hydrophobicity. C6 or free-fluorine hydrophobic agents struggle because of their environmental and ecological issues [20]. The phosphorus component has been recognized for its high efficiency of flame retardants, excellent smoke reduction, and eco-friendly benefits [21]. Given those facts, multifunctional fabrics are challenging to confer two or more properties, simultaneously anti-flammable and water repellent, and washing durability with a minimum number of treatment stages.
Plasma, recognized for its high concentrations of energetic species and the chemical reactions, has long been used to enhance the adhesion properties of aramid fiber-reinforced composites [2,22,23]. Consequently, plasma graft polymerization coatings are considered to be the most effective technology for the production of high-performance fabrics [24]. The fiber surface topography changes during plasma treatment by oxidized etching of the dissociated polymer molecular chains and chemically react together with a polymerization scheme of ring-closure, which then propagates the response by combining dip-coating or cross-linking multifunctional units [25,26].
In this work, we developed a functional technique to obtain a durable flame-resistant ultra-hydrophobic coating on aramid fabrics through plasma roughness and activation firstly and then subsequently applying a coating of phosphorus–fluoride emulsion copolymer on aramid fabric by plasma graft polymerization. The reactive phosphorus–fluoride coating with a mixture of organophosphorus component and C6 fluorine awarded a durable flame-resistant ultra-hydrophobic property to the textile depending on the fiber’s plasma surface activation surface, which was a benefit for the diffusion and adhesion of the phosphorus–fluoride coating. The plasma graft polymerization technology, which is desirable for processing textiles, supports a faster continuous treatment of materials with excellent potential and practical applications in fabricating durable bifunctional synthetic polymers.

2. Materials and Methods

Poly-phenylene terephthalamide (PPTA, Wujiang Shengxu Textile Co., Ltd., Wujiang, China ) aramid fabrics were weighted (average 7.85 g) and cleaned for 30 min at 100 °C in a water bath. Argon and oxygen (purity 99.99%, Cheng Gong Gas Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) were used for the plasma-treating process. The coating emulsion was a combination of C6 fluorine and an organophosphorus component individually supplied by Precision Chemical Technology Co.,Ltd., Shanghai, China.

2.1. Plasma Surface Modification

A capacitively coupled radio frequency low-pressure plasma system operated at 13.56 MHz was used for surface activation of the fabric shown in our previous research [27]. To obtain a significant rough surface, the experimental parameters were optimized. A mixture gas of Ar (10 sccm) and O2 (90 sccm), 300 W power supply, and 300 s treating time were used in the plasma treating process.

2.2. Phosphorus–Fluoride Coatings on Aramid Fabric Surface

The fabrics were submerged in a mixture of C6 fluorine (20%, w/w) and organophosphorus component (30%, w/w) that was vigorously stirred at room temperature; then, using a Pad-Dry-Cure method containing two rubber-covered pad rollers with a 3.5 rapid (speed of the rollers), they were subsequently dried at 190 °C for 150 s. To obtain the more desired properties, the selection of observable coating variables, mixture concentration ratio, and rapid rollers, as well as temperature and time were consistent with the experimental work. After that, all fabrics were rinsed with distilled water to extract waste chemicals. The possible chemical reaction between the mixture and aramid fabric is presented in Scheme 1. Final materials were assigned as untreated coated (UC) and plasma-treated coated (PC). Moreover, the untreated (original, referred to as U) and the plasma-treated (referred to as P) conditions are shown in Table 1.

2.3. Coating Durability Test

The coating durability was evaluated by subjecting the untreated coated (UC) and plasma-treated coated (PC) fabrics to a repeatable series of 10 washing cycles; each washing cycle was performed for 1 h with (11 g) regular soap and dried for 1 h in a furnace at 60 °C, according to AATCC standard. Table 1 listed the names of samples with specific washing cycles.

2.4. Fabric Surface Analysis

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM, Multimode Nanoscope III a, Digital Instrument, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) was used to calculate the surface roughness by two parameters, the mean square root (RMS) and the average roughness (Ra). The surface topography analyzed by Field Emission Scanning Electron (FE-SEM, S-4800, Hitachi Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) fitted with Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) for elemental mapping analysis. Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Infrared Spectrometer (ATR-FTIR, Nicolet 6700, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Madison, WI, USA) was recorded in the range of 500–4000 cm−1 to measure the chemical bonding. The chemical compositions were elaborated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Shimadzu-Kratos, Axis Ultra DLD, Kyoto, Japan) calibrated at binding energy (BE) 284.8 eV. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA, 1201C) was carried out to identify the degradation and weight variation under a flow rate of N2 atmosphere (50 mL min−1) from 600 °C ambient temperature at a heating rate of 10 °C per minute.
The superhydrophobic behavior was analyzed by a Drop Meter A-200 (MALSI, Guangzhou, China) water contact angle. For practical application, the resistance of fabrics to fire behavior was conducted using the vertical flame test (GB/T 5455).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Surface Characterization

The topographical modifications of the surface were examined using AFM images. Figure 1a shows the untreated aramid fabric after coating and washing U, UC, and UCW10, respectively. The U surface is relatively smooth and flat with a surface roughness (Ra) value of 2.52 nm, while the coating of the UC surface was partially covered with hill shapes that raised the Ra value to 19.30 nm, which continuously diminished to 1.94 nm for UCW10. Plasma treating, coating, and 10 times washing are shown in Figure 1b for P, PC, and PCW10, respectively. Small pits formed with a surface roughness of 20.83 nm on the P surface. Considering PC, the topography changes to a random distribution of micro-sized protuberances, and hills relatively increased the surface roughness to 35.6 nm. Plasma etching enables the removal of atoms and molecules from the fiber surface; thus, it increased the roughness of the surface [28,29]. After washing PCW10 10 times, there was only a slight decrease in the roughness value: 31.3 nm.
The surface of the untreated phosphorus–fluoride coating (UC) is shown in the SEM image in Figure 2a; the fiber surface was only partially covered with bulger shapes. Figure 2c shows that the shapes made of C, O, N, F, and P elements with relative atom ratios (At) of 34.6%, 29.8%, 6.6%, 10.1%, and 14.2%, respectively, were recognized. After plasma treatment and coating PC, the fiber surface presents a completely coved thick rough layer with dots, as shown in Figure 1b. The EDS results show in Figure 2d that the ratios of C, O, N, F, and P were higher than UC, which are 26.4%, 36.2%, 7.1%, 11.5%, and 15.6%, respectively. The plasma etching process created rough surfaces and introduced a large number of reactive radicals or groups. The rough surface becomes attractive to phosphorus and fluorine molecules, resulting in improved absorption and penetration on the fabric surface. Therefore, the durability increased for the better coating adhesion formed on the plasma pre-treated surfaces [30].
After 10 times washing, the phosphorus–fluoride coating is seriously flaked from the UCW10 fiber surface, as seen in Figure 3a. The EDS spectra analysis in Figure 3c confirms that the relative surface atomic ratios of phosphorus–fluoride coating decreased to P (0.00%) and F (3.8%), while C (39.9%), O (25.8%), and N (4.7%) change little. The coating was largely preserved on the PCW10 fiber surface, and only slight differences were observed, as shown in Figure 3b. A slight washing effect in the energy spectrum ratios is shown in Figure 3d. These results implied that plasma pre-treatment had enhanced the adhesion of the coating to the fabric.

3.2. Phosphorus–Fluoride Graft Polymerization Reactions

ATR-FTIR analysis was used to describe the functional group’s reactions to confirm the phosphorus–fluoride bonding status onto aramid fabric. The characteristic bands at 3292, 2921, 1412, and 1240 cm−1 were observed in pristine aramid fabric [31]. Figure 4 shows the characteristic groups at 1740, 1240, 1015, and 906 cm−1 attributed to C=O/–CF=CF2, C–H/C–F, P–O–C, and P–O, respectively. Among the bands, the stretching vibration at 1740 cm−1 and 1240 cm−1 were in the range of the C-F stretches in aliphatic fluoro-compounds; this indicates that C6 fluorine copolymer was bound to the fabric surface [32,33]. Meanwhile, the bands at 1015 cm−1 and 906 cm−1 confirm the organophosphorus component coating [10,34,35]. The higher peaks indicate that the plasma pre-treatment coating introduces more phosphorus–fluoride compounds than the direct (untreated) coating; after repeating washing cycles, the strong presence of a phosphorus–fluoride coating on plasma-treated samples PCW1 and PCW10 evidence the adhesion bonding strength, which acts on the interfacial bonds between the coating solution and the fabric surface, confirming that plasma graft polymerization introduces more phosphorus–fluoride compounds and is not affected by washing compared with direct coating as displayed in Figure 4a, for UC, UCW1, and UCW10, and Figure 4b for PC, PCW1, and PCW10, respectively.
The plasma graft polymerization reactions of the phosphorus–fluoride coating on the fabrics were described by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and it was coinciding with EDS and FTIR results. Figure 5 shows the high-resolution spectra of O1s, F1s, and P2p for untreated coating UC and plasma-treated coating PC fabrics. The primary O1s range in Figure 5a consists of two peaks at 531.8 eV for CONH and 534.7 eV for CO(O)H, which might be associated with O–F and O=P, and this suggested that the proportionate of phosphorus–fluoride coating occurs in the conversion process [36]. The core level F1s shown in Figure 5b can be fitted to two peaks CF3 and CF2 [37]. Carbon–fluorine bonds, which react with the reactive plasma group in the material’s precocious covalent bonds CF3 before the CF2 unit, shifted PC to higher bonding energy [38]. For the P2p spectrum in Figure 5c composed of PO4, the ionization state seized oxygen more than PO3 [39,40].
In Figure 6, after 10 times washing, UCW10 and PCW10 fabrics, it can be observed that the intensities of the peaks were higher in PCW10. Moreover, the increased amount of the relative atom ratios in PCW10 of O1s, F1s, and P2p shown in Table 2 confirm that plasma pre-treatment samples were unaffected by washing. The results suggested that the plasma-activated aramid surface improved the graft polymerization of phosphorus–fluoride emulsion molecules [41].
TGA curves were carried out to investigate the thermal degradation mechanism of aramid fabrics before and after coating and washing. Figure 7a reports the major degradation observed at 448.97 °C, weight 92.9% for untreated aramid U fabric because of the aromatic and aliphatic amine hardener decomposition [42,43]. The plasma-treated P fabric’s TG curve shifted to the left and overlapped with the U fabric at (445.58 °C, 92.5%) due to plasma treatment catalyzing the degradation process depending on the plasma etching time, which neutralizes the clay delaying effect [24]. Figure 7b shows that the thermogravimetric analyses show that the coatings improved the aramid fabric thermal stability [44]. Furthermore, when samples suffered from heat, the UC fabric pyrolyzed at (444.89 °C, 86.4%) earlier than the PC sample at (448.87 °C, 90.0%), propelling the generation of intumescent char layers. Finally, in Figure 7c, after washing, the degradation curve for UCW10 at (440.30 °C. 85.8%) and PCW10 at (447.03 °C, 89.7%) conform, and the plasma-treated fabric surface was covered by a layer of continuous and compact char. The plasma polymerization with a phosphorus–fluoride coating made a little barrier-protecting layer from the thermal radiation, suppressed the gas release and reduced the matrix decomposition rate [35,45]. The high degradation temperature of aramid fibers and inorganic materials usually melt before they decompose. Therefore, there were no significant changes in the weight loss. The characteristic temperatures TGA and DTG are presented in Table 3.

3.3. Durable Flame-Resistant Ultra-Hydrophobic Performance

In order to evaluate the flame-resistant visually during burning, a vertical flame test (GB/T 5455) was employed [46]; since the LOI test was based on the material property, for most polymeric fabric, it varies from 18 to 22% [47,48,49]. In Figure 8a, after exposure to flames for 12 s, it is clear that the untreated samples, U, UC, UCW1, UCW5, and UCW10, were unable to extinguish the fire, leaving damaged surfaces with char length continuously increased with repeating washing cycles. As for plasma-treated fabric, the burnt region was still smoldering and slowly charred. Meanwhile, after coating and washing, all plasma-treated fabric showed no observable after-flame or after-glow times, and char lengths were also not noticeable. It was remarkable that the plasma polymerization fabrics self-extinguished the fire quickly with no after-flame or smolder. Regarding the flame test, the fabric maintained its solidity with less than 1 cm char length. The results showed that the phosphorus–fluoride coating on plasma pre-treated surfaces had an outstanding durable flame resistance effect by isolating the fabrics effectively from burning, heat, and flammable gases. This occurs through the flame-retardant coated layer dehydrating action, generating a double bond in the polymer to form a carbonaceous layer via cyclizing and the cross-linking cycle, which had intumescence and shielded the fabric from the heat of the flame.
The hydrophobicity of fabrics was studied by the water contact angle technique before and after repeated washing cycles, as shown in Figure 8b. The water contact angle of untreated coated UC was 166° and continuously decreased after repeated washing cycles. However, after the plasma coating, PC showed a remarkably increased hydrophobicity with a water contact angle as high as 179.9°. Further, after repeated washing, the water contact angle remained stable, which means that the durable superhydrophobic coating formed on the plasma polymerization fabrics.
As shown above, the plasma pre-treatment increased the surface roughness and introduced reactive groups on aramid fabric surfaces, which is beneficial for preparing the durable flame-resistant ultra-hydrophobic surface. Moreover, the surface physical chemistry changes made the fabric absorb more phosphorus–fluoride coating and improved its adhesion on the surface, which greatly enhanced the washing durability of the structures.
Figure 9 describes the fabrication process and the suggested mechanism. Plasma activation species reinforce polymer chain scissions and introduce reactive radicals or groups. The rough surface and polar functional groups become attractive to phosphorus–fluoride emulsion molecules, resulting in improved absorption and penetration of the proposed phosphorus–fluoride component on the fabric surface [50]. More molecules tangle with the rough surface, and the carboxyl or hydroxyl groups consequently form an adhesive coating on the fiber surface of aramid. Therefore, the durable flame-resistant ultra-hydrophobic surface was obtained.

4. Conclusions

We presented an efficient technique to obtain durable flame-resistant ultra-hydrophobic aramid fabric. Subsequently, after plasma treating, the coating of phosphorus–fluoride emulsion copolymer on aramid fabric by plasma graft polymerization deduces a remarkably improved flame-resistant ultra-hydrophobic on the plasma-treated coated aramid fabric. Regarding the flame test, the fabric maintained its solidity with 0.68 cm char length through no observable after-flame or after-glow times, and its water contact angle was more than 170°. After 10 repeatable washing cycles, plasma-coated fabrics still kept a static water contact angle of more than 170° and manifested a char length of 0.95 cm during 0 s after flame time and 0 s glow time. For directly coated fabric, its statistic water contact angle decreased to near the intrinsic value less than 100° and did not show any resistance to fire; the flame damage length was 10.6 cm with an observable after-flame time 2.5 s and after-glow of 2.1 s. EDS and XPS spectra displayed that the relative atom ratios P and F increased after plasma treatment, indicating that plasma reactive polar groups interact between phosphorus and fluorine elements, which inhibits the flammability and wettability. It is believable that the plasma roughness and activation on the fiber surface were beneficial for the diffusion and adhesion of the phosphorus–fluoride coating; this also kept extra phosphorus–fluoride elements on the fabric surface after repeating washing cycles and greatly improved the washing durability. Plasma pre-treatment with Ar and O2 provided an eco-friendly coating on fabric surfaces with excellent potential and practical applications in fabricating durable, multifunctional synthetic polymer fabric.

Author Contributions

E.A.A.S., X.Y., and J.Z. planned the research, B.Y., and T.W. Resources, E.A.A.S. Writing—Original Draft Preparation. Writing—Review and Editing, E.A.A.S., Y.X., and J.Z.; Visualization, E.A.A.S., and Y.Z.; Supervision, J.Z.; Project Administration, J.Z. Funding Acquisition, J.Z., J.S. and Y.G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The work is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2232019A3-12) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC (No. 12075054-11875104).

Acknowledgments

The China Scholarship Council (CSC) is gratefully acknowledged. Sudan University of Science and Technology (SUST), College of Engineering, is recognized for supporting the first author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing for financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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Coatings 10 01257 sch001 550
Scheme 1. Possible chemical reactions on aramid fabric.
Scheme 1. Possible chemical reactions on aramid fabric.
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Coatings 10 01257 g001 550
Figure 1. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images of aramid fabric after various treating, coating, and washing processes. (a) Untreated (U), untreated phosphorus–fluoride coating (UC), and UC with 10 washing cycles (UCW10); (b) plasma-treated (P), plasma-treated coated (PC), and PC with 10 washing cycles (PCW10).
Figure 1. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images of aramid fabric after various treating, coating, and washing processes. (a) Untreated (U), untreated phosphorus–fluoride coating (UC), and UC with 10 washing cycles (UCW10); (b) plasma-treated (P), plasma-treated coated (PC), and PC with 10 washing cycles (PCW10).
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Figure 2. The SEM and Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) element mapping with their atomic ratio (At) table (inset) of aramid fabric after coating (a,c) for UC and (b,d) for PC, respectively.
Figure 2. The SEM and Energy-Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) element mapping with their atomic ratio (At) table (inset) of aramid fabric after coating (a,c) for UC and (b,d) for PC, respectively.
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Coatings 10 01257 g003 550
Figure 3. The SEM and EDS element mapping with their atomic ratio (At), table (inset) of aramid fabric after coating, and 10 times washing (a,c) for UCW10 and (b,d) for PCW10, respectively.
Figure 3. The SEM and EDS element mapping with their atomic ratio (At), table (inset) of aramid fabric after coating, and 10 times washing (a,c) for UCW10 and (b,d) for PCW10, respectively.
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Figure 4. Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Infrared Spectrometer (ATR-FTIR) spectrum of aramid fabric samples after various coating and washing processes: (a) U, UC, UCW1, and UCW10, and (b) P, PC, PCW1, and PCW10.
Figure 4. Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Infrared Spectrometer (ATR-FTIR) spectrum of aramid fabric samples after various coating and washing processes: (a) U, UC, UCW1, and UCW10, and (b) P, PC, PCW1, and PCW10.
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Figure 5. Deconvoluted XPS spectra of untreated phosphorus–fluoride coating UC and plasma-treated and phosphorus–fluoride coating PC on aramid fabric (a) O1s, (b) F1s, and (c) 2p, respectively.
Figure 5. Deconvoluted XPS spectra of untreated phosphorus–fluoride coating UC and plasma-treated and phosphorus–fluoride coating PC on aramid fabric (a) O1s, (b) F1s, and (c) 2p, respectively.
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Figure 6. Deconvoluted XPS spectra of untreated phosphorus–fluoride coating UCW10 and plasma-treated and phosphorus–fluoride coating PCW10 after 10 times washing on aramid fabric (a) O1s, (b) F1s, and (c) P2p, respectively.
Figure 6. Deconvoluted XPS spectra of untreated phosphorus–fluoride coating UCW10 and plasma-treated and phosphorus–fluoride coating PCW10 after 10 times washing on aramid fabric (a) O1s, (b) F1s, and (c) P2p, respectively.
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Figure 7. TGA and DTG curves of aramid fabric samples after various treating, coating, and washing processes: (a,a’) U and P, (b,b’) UC and PC, (c,c’) UCW10 and PCW10.
Figure 7. TGA and DTG curves of aramid fabric samples after various treating, coating, and washing processes: (a,a’) U and P, (b,b’) UC and PC, (c,c’) UCW10 and PCW10.
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Figure 8. The vertical flammability test and water contact angles of untreated and plasma-treated after coating and repeating washing on aramid fabric surfaces: (a) vertical flammability standard photographs on untreated and plasma-treated fabrics, respectively, (b) water contact angles and their corresponding graph vs. washing cycles.
Figure 8. The vertical flammability test and water contact angles of untreated and plasma-treated after coating and repeating washing on aramid fabric surfaces: (a) vertical flammability standard photographs on untreated and plasma-treated fabrics, respectively, (b) water contact angles and their corresponding graph vs. washing cycles.
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Figure 9. Suggested schematic for the mechanism of preparing a durable flame-resistant and ultra-hydrophobic aramid fabric.
Figure 9. Suggested schematic for the mechanism of preparing a durable flame-resistant and ultra-hydrophobic aramid fabric.
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Table
Table 1. The sample names used in the experiment.
Table 1. The sample names used in the experiment.
Experimental ConditionsTreatment FormulasCoating FormulasWashing Cycles Formulas
1 (Time)5 (Time)10 (Time)
UntreatedUUCUCW1UCW5UCW10
Plasma treatedPPCPCW1PCW5PCW10
Table
Table 2. Surface elements of aramid samples by XPS.
Table 2. Surface elements of aramid samples by XPS.
Samples NamesAtomic Ratio (%)
C1sO1sF1sP2p
UC43.29.854.51.6
UCW1037.95.741.70.3
PC36.510.579.73.1
PCW1033.89.676.92.9
Table
Table 3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and DTG data of aramid samples obtained in N2 atmosphere.
Table 3. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and DTG data of aramid samples obtained in N2 atmosphere.
Sample NameTGA (°C)Weight (%)DTG (°C)
U448.9792.9480.94
UC444.8986.4481.63
UCW10440.3085.8479.68
P445.5892.5475.97
PC448.8790.0482.99
PCW10447.0389.7481.74
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MDPI and ACS Style

Siddig, E.A.A.; Zhang, Y.; Yang, B.; Wang, T.; Shi, J.; Guo, Y.; Xu, Y.; Zhang, J. Durable Flame-Resistant and Ultra-Hydrophobic Aramid Fabrics via Plasma-Induced Graft Polymerization. Coatings 2020, 10, 1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121257

AMA Style

Siddig EAA, Zhang Y, Yang B, Wang T, Shi J, Guo Y, Xu Y, Zhang J. Durable Flame-Resistant and Ultra-Hydrophobic Aramid Fabrics via Plasma-Induced Graft Polymerization. Coatings. 2020; 10(12):1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121257

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siddig, Eshraga A. A., Yu Zhang, Baojing Yang, Tianshu Wang, Jianjun Shi, Ying Guo, Yu Xu, and Jing Zhang. 2020. "Durable Flame-Resistant and Ultra-Hydrophobic Aramid Fabrics via Plasma-Induced Graft Polymerization" Coatings 10, no. 12: 1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121257

APA Style

Siddig, E. A. A., Zhang, Y., Yang, B., Wang, T., Shi, J., Guo, Y., Xu, Y., & Zhang, J. (2020). Durable Flame-Resistant and Ultra-Hydrophobic Aramid Fabrics via Plasma-Induced Graft Polymerization. Coatings, 10(12), 1257. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121257

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