Development in Additive Methods in Aramid Fiber Surface Modification to Increase Fiber-Matrix Adhesion: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure and Adhesion in Aramid Reinforced Composites
2.1. Structure of Aramid Fiber
2.2. Chemical and Physical Bonding of Aramid
2.3. Mechanical Bonding with Multifunctional Fibers
3. Novel Coating Methods
3.1. Multifunctional Hybrid Coatings
3.2. Polymeric Coatings
3.3. Surface Coupling with Silanes
4. Creating Hierarchical Structures
4.1. Grafting onto the Fiber Surface
4.1.1. Nanotubes and Nanofibers
4.1.2. Inorganic Nanoparticles
4.1.3. Polymer Particles
4.2. Growing onto the Fiber Surface
4.2.1. Carbon Nanotubes
4.2.2. Zinc Oxide Nanowires
4.2.3. Nanoparticles
5. Other Methods to Introduce Functionality to the Surface
6. Summary and Future Insights
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Method | Outcome of the Method | Increase of Adhesion [%] | Matrix Used | Adhesion Evaluation | Other Benefits of the Surface Treatment | Effect on Tensile Strength of Fibers [%] | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Multiphase coating process | Uniform coating with nano-protrusions | 45 | SMPU | IFSS | +5.7 | [63] | |
Immersion in graphite oxide suspension | Uniform coverage with graphene sheets | 44 | EP | IFSS | [62] | ||
Immersion in MWCNT solution and sonication | MWCNTs on the fiber surface | 30 | BMI | ILSS | +12 | [59] | |
Zinc oxide nanowire growth | ZnO nanowires on the fiber surface | 51 | EP | IFSS | ±0 | [51] | |
Plasma induced vapor phase graft polymerization of acrylic acid | Poly(acrylic acid) nanoparticle covered fiber surface | 122 | EP | IFSS | ±0 | [102] | |
Low temperature hydrothermal growth of titanium oxide nanoparticles | Titanium dioxide nanoparticle cover surface | 67 | EP | IFSS | −4 | [118] | |
High energy gamma ray irradiation | Highly increased surface roughness | 45 | EP | IFSS | N/A | [131] | |
Irradiation grafting of DEA/ECH to aramid fiber surface | DEA/ECH embellished fiber surface | 31/25 | EP | IFSS/ILSS | −1.3–2.6 | [68] | |
Deposition of oxidized CNTs onto aramid fibers via sonication | CNT covered hybrid fibers | N/A | N/A | N/A | electrical conductivity | −5.1–27 | [61] |
Growth of CNTs onto Kevlar fabric via microwave irradiation | Fabric surface covered with iron decorated CNTs | 81 | PES | in-plane shear strength | electrical conductivity, increased impact resistance, strength and modulus of composite | N/A | [60] |
HPSi grafting onto aramid fibers surface | HPSi covered fiber surface | N/A | N/A | N/A | improved UV-resistance, increased thermal stability and flame retardancy | + | [83] |
A two-step process to create polydopamine GO coated fibers | two layered structure of polydopamine and GO sheets | N/A | N/A | N/A | improved UV-resistance, thermal stability, surface activity, mechanical properties | +3.8–8.2 | [80] |
UV assisted PCPA deposition and EDGE grafting | Increased surface roughness with PCPA and EDGE, and epoxy groups | 85.6 | rubber | Pull-out test | - | [79] | |
A green layer-by-layer self-assembly technique | Layered coating structure or SiO2 and LDH-NS | N/A | N/A | N/A | Improved surface activity, thermal resistance, mechanical properties and UV resistance | +12 | [81] |
Grafting γ-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane onto Kevlar | Introduction of polar groups and roughened fiber surface | 57 | EP | ILSS | Increased wetting | N/A | [88] |
“one step” process of silane grafting with PDA | Uniform layer of grated silane on the fiber surface | 62.5 | rubber | IFSS | N/A | [89] | |
Silane (GPTMS) grafting with PCPA | Uniform coating of GPTMS on the fiber surface | 83.3 | rubber | IFSS | N/A | [90] | |
ZnO nanoparticle sizing via dip coating | ZnO decorated fiber surface | 18.9 | EP | IFSS | Improved UV resistance | very minimal decrease | [82] |
Grafting of PEI through Fe3+ coordination | Surface embellished with PEI | 47 | EP | IFSS | ±0 | [85] | |
EB induced grafting of AA | Roughened fiber surface with nodules of PAA | N/A | N/A | N/A | Improved surface activity, COOH added to the surface | N/A | [104] |
Cryogenic treatment of Kevlar | Increased surface roughness | 5.7–19 | EP | IFSS | Abrasion resistance increased | +24.9 | [134] |
Direct fluorination of PBIA fibers | Changes in the surface morphology and polar groups at the surface | 39 | EP | Pull-out strength | N/A | [125] | |
Direct fluorination and silane grafting of PBIA fibers | Silane grafted onto the fiber surface | 46.7 | EP | IFSS | ±0 | [126] | |
γ-ray radiation of Armos fiber in N2 | Increased surface roughness, introduction of polar oxygen containing groups | 17.7 | EP | ILSS | Increased wetting | ±0 | [129] |
γ-ray grafting of Armos fiber in PF/ethanol | Increased surface roughness and polar groups | 25.4 | EP | ILSS | Increased wetting | N/A | [130] |
γ-ray irradiation and ammonification | Increased surface roughness and –NH2 groups at the surface | 40.55 | EP | IFSS | −0.3 | [132] | |
Microwave assisted surface treatment | Nanodeposit covered PPTA fiber bundle | 259 | rubber | Modified bundle pull-out | ±0 | [109] | |
Grafting of CNTs onto PBIA fibers via direct fluorination | CNT and AA+DVB copolymer covered fiber surface | 69.1 | EP | IFSS | Increases electric conductivity and surface energy | ±0 | [98] |
Grafting ANFs onto PPTA tape | ANF covered fiber surface | 70.27 | EP | IFSS | Increased short beam shear strength by 25.6% | ±0 | [99] |
Grafting SiO2 and silane coupling agents to PBIA fibers | Increased surface roughness and ability to chemically bond with different type of matrixes | 117/166/ 43 | NR/ BMI/ EP | IFSS | ability to chemically bond with matrixes in a wide polarity range | ±0 | [91] |
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Palola, S.; Vuorinen, J.; Noordermeer, J.W.M.; Sarlin, E. Development in Additive Methods in Aramid Fiber Surface Modification to Increase Fiber-Matrix Adhesion: A Review. Coatings 2020, 10, 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060556
Palola S, Vuorinen J, Noordermeer JWM, Sarlin E. Development in Additive Methods in Aramid Fiber Surface Modification to Increase Fiber-Matrix Adhesion: A Review. Coatings. 2020; 10(6):556. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060556
Chicago/Turabian StylePalola, Sarianna, Jyrki Vuorinen, Jacques W. M. Noordermeer, and Essi Sarlin. 2020. "Development in Additive Methods in Aramid Fiber Surface Modification to Increase Fiber-Matrix Adhesion: A Review" Coatings 10, no. 6: 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060556