Investigating Waterproofness and Breathability of a Coated Double-Sided Knitted Fabric
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Textile Material
2.2. Coating Process
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Air Permeability Measurement
2.5. Water Vapor Permeability Measurement
2.6. Determination of Fabric Resistance to Water Penetration
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Study of the Air Permeabilities of Cotton and Polyester Sides
3.2. Study of the Water Vapor Permeability
3.3. Study of the Resistance to Water Penetration
3.4. Optimization of the Coating Process
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Acceptable Values |
---|---|
Windproofness (ISO 9237, 1995) | <1.5 mL at 100 Pa measured by air permeability tester. |
Water vapor permeability index (BS 7209, 1990) | >50% |
Resistance to water penetration (ISO 811, 2018) | 130 cm under hydrostatic pressure |
Exp. N° | Factors | Windproofness (L·m−2·s−1) (PET Outer Face) | Air Permeability (L·m−2·s−1) (Cotton Inner Face) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | |||
1 | 1.5 | 412 | 10 | 115.000 | 115.500 |
2 | 3 | 412 | 10 | 106.333 | 98.467 |
3 | 1.5 | 824 | 10 | 29.167 | 28.267 |
4 | 3 | 824 | 10 | 83.550 | 78.350 |
5 | 1.5 | 618 | 5 | 220.667 | 221.667 |
6 | 3 | 618 | 5 | 229.667 | 221.000 |
7 | 1.5 | 618 | 15 | 200.667 | 201.000 |
8 | 3 | 618 | 15 | 70.867 | 67.200 |
9 | 2.25 | 412 | 5 | 182.000 | 178.667 |
10 | 2.25 | 824 | 5 | 51.967 | 50.233 |
11 | 2.25 | 412 | 15 | 310 | 302.667 |
12 | 2.25 | 824 | 15 | 79.667 | 80.300 |
13 a | 2.25 | 618 | 10 | 89.367 | 85.267 |
14 a | 2.25 | 618 | 10 | 86.600 | 86.400 |
15 a | 2.25 | 618 | 10 | 83.067 | 92.133 |
Source | Coef. (Coded Data) | Coef. (Uncoded Data) | SE Coef. | T | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 87.933 | 368.4057 | 40.36 | 2.179 | 0.081 |
A | −12.677 | −63.1142 | 24.72 | −0.513 | 0.630 |
B | −57.269 | 0.1795 | 24.72 | −2.317 | 0.068 |
C | −2.550 | −31.4918 | 24.72 | −0.103 | 0.922 |
A × A | 8.481 | 15.0779 | 36.38 | 0.233 | 0.825 |
B × B | −16.269 | −0.0004 | 36.38 | −0.447 | 0.673 |
C × C | 81.302 | 3.2521 | 36.38 | 2.235 | 0.076 |
A × B | 16.779 | 0.1086 | 34.95 | 0.480 | 0.651 |
A × C | −33.283 | −8.8755 | 34.95 | −0.952 | 0.385 |
B × C | −23.483 | −0.0228 | 34.95 | −0.672 | 0.531 |
Source | Coef. (Coded Data) | Coef. (Uncoded Data) | SE Coef. | T | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 84.678 | 403.5707 | 41.13 | 2.059 | 0.095 |
A | −9.386 | −76.6027 | 25.19 | −0.373 | 0.725 |
B | −58.623 | 0.1039 | 25.19 | −2.327 | 0.067 |
C | −2.888 | −31.9865 | 25.19 | −0.115 | 0.913 |
A × A | 11.697 | 20.7938 | 37.08 | 0.315 | 0.765 |
B × B | −12.862 | −0.0003 | 37.08 | −0.347 | 0.743 |
C × C | 84.093 | 3.3637 | 37.08 | 2.268 | 0.073 |
A × B | 15.763 | 0.1020 | 35.62 | 0.442 | 0.677 |
A × C | −34.7 | −9.2533 | 35.62 | −0.974 | 0.375 |
B × C | −25.075 | −0.0243 | 35.62 | −0.704 | 0.513 |
Exp. N° | Factors | WVPI (%) | CV (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | |||
1 | 1.5 | 412 | 10 | 61.828 | 1.636 |
2 | 3 | 412 | 10 | 85.853 | 3.802 |
3 | 1.5 | 824 | 10 | 75.568 | 1.857 |
4 | 3 | 824 | 10 | 79.868 | 2.030 |
5 | 1.5 | 618 | 5 | 84.366 | 3.548 |
6 | 3 | 618 | 5 | 81.056 | 3.425 |
7 | 1.5 | 618 | 15 | 80.689 | 3.636 |
8 | 3 | 618 | 15 | 77.178 | 2.047 |
9 | 2.25 | 412 | 5 | 82.060 | 2.688 |
10 | 2.25 | 824 | 5 | 74.599 | 0.363 |
11 | 2.25 | 412 | 15 | 88.727 | 0.633 |
12 | 2.25 | 824 | 15 | 81.540 | 0.483 |
13 a | 2.25 | 618 | 10 | 64.231 | 2.710 |
14 a | 2.25 | 618 | 10 | 63.032 | 4.124 |
15 a | 2.25 | 618 | 10 | 58.405 | 0.717 |
Source | Coef. (Coded Data) | Coef. (Uncoded Data) | SE Coef. | T | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 61.8893 | 185.4023 | 4.413 | 14.025 | 0 |
A | 2.6886 | −28.4788 | 2.702 | 0.995 | 0.365 |
B | −0.8623 | −0.1486 | 2.702 | −0.319 | 0.763 |
C | 0.7566 | −9.8132 | 2.702 | 0.280 | 0.791 |
A × A | 6.4910 | 11.5395 | 3.978 | 1.632 | 0.164 |
B × B | 7.4002 | 0.0002 | 3.978 | 1.861 | 0.122 |
C × C | 12.442 | 0.4977 | 3.978 | 3.128 | 0.026 |
A × B | −4.9325 | −0.0319 | 3.821 | −1.291 | 0.253 |
A × C | −0.0502 | −0.0134 | 3.821 | −0.013 | 0.990 |
B × C | 0.0685 | 0.0001 | 3.821 | 0.018 | 0.986 |
Exp. N° | Factors | Resistance to Water Penetration (cm H2O) | Resistance to Water Penetration (Schmerber) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | |||
1 | 1.5 | 412 | 10 | 7 | 68.647 |
2 | 3 | 412 | 10 | 7.5 | 73.550 |
3 | 1.5 | 824 | 10 | 7 | 68.647 |
4 | 3 | 824 | 10 | 7 | 68.647 |
5 | 1.5 | 618 | 5 | 7 | 68.647 |
6 | 3 | 618 | 5 | 7 | 68.647 |
7 | 1.5 | 618 | 15 | 7 | 68.647 |
8 | 3 | 618 | 15 | 8 | 78.453 |
9 | 2.25 | 412 | 5 | 7 | 68.647 |
10 | 2.25 | 824 | 5 | 7 | 68.647 |
11 | 2.25 | 412 | 15 | 8 | 78.453 |
12 | 2.25 | 824 | 15 | 7 | 68.647 |
13 a | 2.25 | 618 | 10 | 6.5 | 63.743 |
14 a | 2.25 | 618 | 10 | 7 | 68.647 |
15 a | 2.25 | 618 | 10 | 7 | 68.647 |
Source | Coef. (Coded Data) | Coef. (Uncoded Data) | SE Coef. | T | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 67.012 | 87.4452 | 1.2122 | 55.280 | 0 |
A | 1.839 | −10.6245 | 0.7423 | 2.477 | 0.056 |
B | −1.839 | −0.0089 | 0.7423 | −2.477 | 0.056 |
C | 2.451 | −1.6345 | 0.7423 | 3.302 | 0.021 |
A × A | 1.430 | 2.5426 | 1.0927 | 1.309 | 0.247 |
B × B | 1.430 | 0 | 1.0927 | 1.309 | 0.247 |
C × C | 2.656 | 0.1062 | 1.0927 | 2.431 | 0.059 |
A × B | −1.226 | −0.0079 | 1.0498 | −1.168 | 0.296 |
A × C | 2.452 | 0.6537 | 1.0498 | 2.335 | 0.067 |
B × C | −2.452 | −0.0024 | 1.0498 | −2.335 | 0.067 |
Responses | Goals | Optimal Values | d-Values |
---|---|---|---|
Air permeability (L·m−2·s−1) | Maximize | 154.819 ± 1.156% | 1 |
Windproofness (L·m−2·s−1) | Minimize | 161.810 ± 0.766% | 0.818 |
WVPI (%) | Maximize | 83.852 ± 0.589% | 0.839 |
RWP (Schmerber) | Maximize | 78.506 ± 1.8% | 1 |
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Ghezal, I.; Moussa, A.; Ben Marzoug, I.; El-Achari, A.; Campagne, C.; Sakli, F. Investigating Waterproofness and Breathability of a Coated Double-Sided Knitted Fabric. Coatings 2022, 12, 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101572
Ghezal I, Moussa A, Ben Marzoug I, El-Achari A, Campagne C, Sakli F. Investigating Waterproofness and Breathability of a Coated Double-Sided Knitted Fabric. Coatings. 2022; 12(10):1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101572
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhezal, Imene, Ali Moussa, Imed Ben Marzoug, Ahmida El-Achari, Christine Campagne, and Faouzi Sakli. 2022. "Investigating Waterproofness and Breathability of a Coated Double-Sided Knitted Fabric" Coatings 12, no. 10: 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101572
APA StyleGhezal, I., Moussa, A., Ben Marzoug, I., El-Achari, A., Campagne, C., & Sakli, F. (2022). Investigating Waterproofness and Breathability of a Coated Double-Sided Knitted Fabric. Coatings, 12(10), 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101572