Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure and Intergranular Corrosion Property of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
3. Results
3.1. Boiling Acid Intergranular Corrosion Experiment
3.2. Analysis of Ferrite Content and Metallographic Structure
3.3. TEM Analysis
3.4. DL-EPR Experment
4. Analysis and Discussion
4.1. The Effect of Tempering Temperature on Boiling Acid Intergranular Corrosion
4.2. The Effect of Tempering Temperature on DL-EPR Experiment
4.3. Analysis of Correlation between Boiling Acid Intergranular Corrosion and DL-EPR Experiment
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- After isothermal tempering at 675 °C–725 °C for 1 h, the average content of ferrite in DSS 2205 is about 50%, which is close to the solid solution state. As the tempering temperature rises to 750 °C~800 °C for 1 h, the ferrite content of the material gradually decreases to 35%. M23C6, FeCr (σ), and Cr2N phases are precipitated in DSS2205 between 675 °C and 800 °C, and the content of the σ phase increases significantly at temperatures above 750 °C.
- (2)
- During the boiling acid intergranular corrosion test, when the tempering temperature is between 675 °C and 725 °C, the average corrosion rates of DSS2205 are much larger than when it is tempered between 750 °C and 800 °C. For example, in a 50% sulfuric acid–ferric sulfate solution boiling for 24 h, the average corrosion rate of DSS2205 is 7.83 mm/Y when it is tempered at 675 °C–725 °C, while the average rate is 1.70 mm/Y when it is tempered at 750 °C–800 °C. In the DL-EPR experiment, when the tempering temperature is between 675 °C and 800 °C, the intergranular corrosion sensitivity of DSS2205 gradually increases with an increase in the tempering temperature.
- (3)
- The degrees of sensitivity of DSS2205 to intergranular corrosion in boiling acid experiments and DL-EPR experiments at a tempering temperature of 675 °C–800 °C differ from each other. The boiling acid experiment is suitable for the determination of the intergranular corrosion tendency of the 2205 alloy with less precipitation of the σ phase.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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C | S | P | Si | Mn | N | Cr | Ni | Mo | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.027 | <0.0050 | 0.022 | 0.525 | 1.17 | 0.166 | 22.71 | 5.79 | 3.13 | bal |
Results | Boiling Acid and Corrosion Rate (Millimeters per Year, mm/Y) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Specimen No. | 50% Sulfuric Acid–Ferric Sulfate (24 h) | 65% Nitric Acid | |
0# | 1.40 | 0.38 (48 h) | |
1# | 8.44 | 55.57 (24 h) | |
2# | 9.60 | 55.92 (24 h) | |
3# | 5.45 | 54.86 (24 h) | |
4# | 1.82 | 4.36 (48 h) | |
5# | 1.47 | 0.51 (48 h) | |
6# | 1.81 | 0.49 (48 h) |
Results | Points | Average | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specimen No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
0# | 50 | 52 | 54 | 50 | 45 | 50 | |
1# | 46 | 49 | 51 | 51 | 50 | 49 | |
2# | 51 | 47 | 51 | 53 | 49 | 50 | |
3# | 49 | 50 | 48 | 46 | 52 | 49 | |
4# | 44 | 42 | 43 | 41 | 45 | 43 | |
5# | 39 | 38 | 43 | 40 | 40 | 40 | |
6# | 40 | 37 | 34 | 34 | 32 | 35 |
Results | Precipitates | |
---|---|---|
Specimen No. | ||
0# | No precipitated phase. | |
1# | A small amount of σ phase precipitates at the austenite–ferrite phase boundary, and a small amount of dispersed Cr23C6 precipitates in the ferrite grains. | |
2# | A small amount of σ phase precipitates at the austenite–ferrite phase boundary, Cr23C6 precipitates in the ferrite grain, and black strip Cr2N precipitates at the ferrite grain boundary. | |
3# | At the austenite–ferrite phase boundary, strip Cr2N precipitates, block σ phase precipitates, and a small amount of Cr23C6 precipitates. The size of each precipitated phase is slightly larger than that of 2#. | |
4# | The σ phase grows significantly, and the length reaches 2 μm. Cr2N and Cr23C6 also grow slightly, and their lengths are much shorter than that of the σ phase. | |
5# | The precipitated phases grow further, and the sizes of the σ phase and Cr23C6 reach 10 μm. | |
6# | The precipitates are mainly of the σ phase, and their size is up to 10 μm |
Results | Electrochemical Parameters | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Specimen No. | Ia/mA·cm−2 | Ir/mA·cm−2 | Ra/% | |
0# | 11.5 | 0.012 | 0.10 | |
1# | 13.5 | 0.67 | 4.9 | |
2# | 16.8 | 2.7 | 16.0 | |
3# | 16.3 | 1.9 | 11.6 | |
4# | 19.6 | 5.6 | 28.5 | |
5# | 20.5 | 5.6 | 27.3 | |
6# | 23.2 | 11.2 | 48.2 |
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Luo, X.; Fang, K.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, J.; Yang, X.; Liu, X.; Zha, X.; Zhang, X. Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure and Intergranular Corrosion Property of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel. Coatings 2024, 14, 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060776
Luo X, Fang K, Zhang W, Zhang J, Yang X, Liu X, Zha X, Zhang X. Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure and Intergranular Corrosion Property of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel. Coatings. 2024; 14(6):776. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060776
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Xianfu, Kun Fang, Wenli Zhang, Jinmin Zhang, Xiao Yang, Xiaoyong Liu, Xiaoqin Zha, and Xinyao Zhang. 2024. "Effect of Tempering Temperature on Microstructure and Intergranular Corrosion Property of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel" Coatings 14, no. 6: 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14060776